Embedded System Design And History Outline Introduction History
Embedded System Design And History
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
What is Embedded System? • An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. • An embedded system performs pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. • Mobile phones, MP 3 Players, Digital Cameras are very common embedded systems in our life.
What is Embedded System? • Since the system is dedicated to a specific task, design engineers can optimize it and reduce the size and cost of the product. • Power Constrain, Performance requirements. • Embedded systems are often massproduced, so the cost savings may be multiplied by millions of items.
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
History • Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), 1963 [1] – The first recognizably modern embedded system. – Developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. – Used in real-time by astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information. – Automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft. – The Apollo flight computer was the first to use integrated circuits (ICs). – The computer's RAM was magnetic core memory (4 K words) and ROM was implemented as core rope memory (32 K words). Source: The Computer History Museum
History • D-17 Guidance Computer, 1961 ~ 1966 [1] – The first mass-produced embedded system developed for Minuteman missile. – Built from discrete transistor logic and had a hard disk for main memory. – When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits. – This program alone reduced prices on quad NAND gate ICs from $1000/each to $3/each, permitting their use in commercial products.
History • Intel 4004, [1] – The first microprocessor. – Which found its way into calculators and other small systems. – Required external memory and support chips. • 8 -bit Microprocessor, 1971 -1974 – 8008, 8080, 8085, 6800, 6502, Z-80, Ti, NS – Hundred if not thousand vendors rushed into this market. – The 6502 was used by Apple Co. to design Apple-II, which sparked the Personal computer era.
History • 16 -bit CPU – 8088, 8086, 80286 Z-800. 68000 – About 20 companies had released their products. – Why did the 16 -bit CPU not make any significant impact in the market? – IBM PC Era began from 1979 • 8088 was used in PC and PC/XT, 80286 was used in the PC/AT. • This adoption of Intel CPU plus the OS supplied by Microsoft created two biggest PC Giants (Monsters) rule the world up to this day. • 80286 is used in IBM PS/2 personal computer system. • M$ intentional persuaded the IBM to use assembly to implement the OS/2 so that caused a long delay of the OS/2 -286 release. During that time, Bill Gate secretly develops the Windows to emulate the Mac’s OS. • Single chip microcontroller (8051 MCU) series which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems.
History • 32 -bit CPU – 68020, 80386, NS 32032, Z 8000, Japan TRON CPU. – Only a handful manufacturer would be able to reach the 32 bit CPU market. Why ? • The era of the RISC – the era RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer comes. (RISC vs. CISC) But the battle turned out to be the CISC(x 86)'s big victory. – The code density for RISC is poor compared to the CISC. – The large installed X 86 PC software base is a big hurdle to the RISC machines to overcome.
History • Simple history of RISC – Even the RISC idea (around 1980) was rebutted by the computer architects during its early development. – For at that time, most computer architects tried to enhance the performance of CPU by adding more complex instructions. – RISC is simply against the intuition. Why RISC prevails? – X 86 vs. RISC. . . This is a big question!
History • Notable RISC CPUs – MIPS, PPC, M 88000, PA-RISC, DEC-Alpha, Clipper, ARM – Architecture Design • Instruction, Register set, memory model, pipelined architecture, Superscalar, simultaneous multithreading, multi-core. – Does RISC really reduce the instruction set? – So what is the key to the 32 -bit RISC? A Big design Team is needed.
History – Architecture is far too complex for a small company to handle. Compiler tool chain support, OS, middle ware, development kit. . . – (FPAG + CPU==> NIOS-II, Microblaze, ARM and PPC, from Altera, Xilinx. . . ) – Their costs range from USD$3 -4 to 30 -40 or more. Power problem. . . The X 86 CPU reached 4 GHz around 2001. But no fast CPU was made to the market.
History • RISC vs X 86 – In the performance with application base game, the RICS failed miserably to the Intel’s X 86 architecture. – So the RISC company had to find the alternative market and focused on the embedded system. – The tide has been changing now, the RISC power player ARM strikes back. In low-power application the X 86 is no match to the ARM.
ARM history ARM 0: Acorn Computers Ltd used 6502 (which powered Apple-II then) to design BBC Micro computer. • ARM 1 ARM 2: (Inspired by Berkley RISC project) • The official Acorn RISC Machine project started in October 1983. • VLSI Technology, Inc was chosen as silicon partner. • VLSI produced the first ARM silicon on 26 April 1985 – it worked the first time and came to be termed ARM 1 by April 1985. • The first "real" production systems named ARM 2 were available the following year.
ARM History • • • ARM Family ARM Architecture ARM Core Feature Cache (I/D), MMU Typical MIPS @ MHz ARM 1 ARMv 1 ARM 1 First implementation None ARM 2 ARMv 2 added the MUL (multiply) instruction None 4 MIPS @ 8 MHz 0. 33 DMIPS/MHz ARMv 2 a ARM 250 Integrated MEMC (MMU), Graphics and IO processor. ARMv 2 a added the SWP and SWPB (swap) instructions. None, MEMC 1 a 7 MIPS @ 12 MHz ARM 3 ARMv 2 a ARM 3 First integrated memory cache. 4 KB unified 12 MIPS @ 25 MHz 0. 50 DMIPS/MHz ARM 6 ARMv 3 ARM 60 ARMv 3 first to support 32 -bit memory address space (previously 26 -bit) None 10 MIPS @ 12 MHz ARM 7 TDMI ARMv 4 T ARM 7 TDMI(-S) none 15 MIPS @ 16. 8 MHz 63 DMIPS @ 70 MHz 3 -stage pipeline, Thumb ARM 9 TDMI none 5 -stage pipeline, Thumb ARMv 4 T ARM 9 TDMI
ARM Key Architecture The ARM architecture includes the following RISC features: • Load/store architecture. • No support for misaligned memory accesses (now supported in ARMv 6 cores, with some exceptions related to load/store multiple word instructions). • Uniform 16 × 32 -bit register file. • Fixed instruction width of 32 bits to ease decoding and pipelining, at the cost of decreased code density. Later, the Thumb instruction set increased code density. Now Thumb-2 ISA • Mostly single-cycle execution.
ARM architecture To compensate for the simpler design, compared with contemporary processors like the Intel 80286 and Motorola 68020, some additional design features were used: • Conditional execution of most instructions, reducing branch overhead and compensating for the lack of a branch predictor. • Arithmetic instructions alter condition codes only when desired. • 32 -bit barrel shifter which can be used without performance penalty with most arithmetic instructions and address calculations. • Powerful indexed addressing modes. • A link register for fast leaf function calls. • Simple, but fast, 2 -priority-level interrupt subsystem with banked register banks.
• • ARM Cortex Application Profile-A 8, A 9, A 15, A 7 Real-time Profile Cortex-R 4 MCU profile M 3, M 4 (Low power of M : NXP's Cortext-M 3 0. 05 m. W/MHz, M 4 0. 06 m. W/Mhz. NXP-LPC 430 ==> M 0 + M 4 running at 150 MHz consumes only 9 m. W)
A glance of Cortex A 8 • Key features of the Cortex-A 8 core are: • • • * Frequency from 600 MHz to 1 GHz and above * Superscalar dual-issue microarchitecture 13 -stage superscalar pipeline * NEON SIMD instruction set extension (optional) * VFPv 3 Floating Point Unit (optional) * Thumb-2 instruction set encoding * Jazelle RCT * Advanced branch prediction unit with >95% accuracy * Integrated level 2 Cache (0 -4 MB) * 2. 0 DMIPS / MHz
• VFP and (for floating point) • NEON (SIMD) Instruction Set. (For Multimedia applications)
• Amazon Kindle: Free. Scale i. MX 508, Cortex-A 8 • Xilinx's Zynq : Dual core A 9 MPcore(hard core CPU) + FPGA (235 K--30 K Logic cells), USB, Gbps ethernet, 10. 315 Gbps serial
ARM Entering the Server Market • SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Startup Calxeda (Austin) has released a few details about its unannounced ARM-based processor aimed at low power servers. • Calxeda's initial reference design will be based on a quad-core Cortex A 9 So. C that consumes 5 W including associated DRAM. The chip includes a fabric that acts as an interconnect to other processors, enabling OEMs to pack as many as 120 So. Cs in a 2 U-sized chassis. • (Rackmount 19 inches wide 1 U 1. 75 inches)
ARM Entering the Server Market • SAN JOSE, Calif. – Marvell will try to thrust ARM into servers and networking gear with a 1. 6 GHz quad-core Cortex A 9 chip debuting at the ARM Technology Conference. The Armada XP aims at a broad range of systems from low power Web servers for business to network-attached storage and media servers for the digital home. • The Armada XP delivers up to 16, 600 Dhrystone MIPS at 10 W. It includes up to 2 Mbytes L 2 cache and supports a 64 -bit interface to DDR 2/3 memory running at up to 800 MHz.
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
Embedded System Design • Components of embedded system: – Hardware • Processor, memory, ASIC, controllers, peripherals… – Firmware/software • Boot loader, embedded OS, device drivers, applications… • Design and Development Skills: – – – – HDL: Verilog, VHDL … I/O, analog and digital interfacing, peripherals … Development kits: Compiler, linker … Firmware design: Assembly and Low-level C language Device driver design Embedded operating system design or porting System programming: System calls, IPC, Socket … Application software design: JAVA, C++ …
Embedded System Design • Example: Digital camera hardware block diagram Processor Core DSP LCD Controller Image De/Encoder SPI USB Memory PIO Controller Interface RTC So. C SRAM SDRAM Flash ADC
Embedded System Design • Example: Digital camera firmware/software Image Capturer Image Processing System Configure File Manager GUI Embedded OS Device drivers: LCD, Sensor, SD Card … Low level initializing code (Boot loader) Several Tasks
Embedded System Design Issues • Cost and Performance – Lowering the cost affects the speed of embedded system. – Most often speed issue doesn’t matter and one achieves the task at lower cost. – Simplifying the hardware allows cost reduction. • Specifications and User Constraints – Specifications define that what task is to be achieved. – The constraints help the designer to select appropriate hardware and software setup to develop an embedded system. The selection of an embedded system depends upon the requirement specifications.
Embedded System Design Issues • Selection of hardware and software of an embedded system – CPU Architecture • ARM or MIPS or … ? – Storage Size and Speed • SDRAM or DDR ? • RAM, ROM, Flash memory size ? – Interfaces • PIO or RS 232 or …? • Touch screen or keypad ? – Development kits • GNU tools or others ? – Embedded OS • • Real-time or not? Kernel size ? Multi-task supported ? Easy to port ? – Embedded Applications • Implement with C, C++ or JAVA … ? • GUI: Microwindows or Mini. GUI or … ?
Embedded Hardware Design • Hardware Design Technology – System on a Chip (So. C) • Integrating all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. – System on a Programmable Chip (So. PC) • So. PC is a family of mixed-signal arrays made by Cypress Semiconductor, featuring a microcontroller and integrated analog and digital peripherals.
Embedded Hardware Design Figure: So. C Design Flow (Top-half) Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [1]
Embedded Hardware Design Figure: So. C Design Flow (Bottom-half) Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [1]
Embedded Hardware Design • Hardware Description Language (HDL) – VHDL and Verilog • The two most widely-used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry. – Others include • • ABEL (Advanced Boolean Expression Language) AHDL (Altera HDL, a proprietary language from Altera) JHDL (based on Java) Lava (based on Haskell) My. HDL (based on Python) PALASM RHDL (based on Ruby)
Embedded Hardware Design • Design, Synthesis Tools – Altera • Max-plus II, Quartus II, So. PC Builder – Xilinx • ISE – Synplicity • Synplify • Simulation Tools – Model Technology • Model. Sim
Embedded Software Design • Software Architecture Definition – This is the first stage of embedded software design. – Here the software team understands the system that is being designed. – The team also reviews at the proposed hardware architecture and develops a very basic software architecture. – This architecture definition will be further refined in codesign. • The complexity of embedded software depends on the application of your system.
Embedded Software Design • Common types of embedded software – Single-tasking or multi-tasking • Only one task needs to be performed at one period of time Single-tasking A finished B finished Task A Task B time • Several tasks need to be performed at one period of A finished time Multi-tasking Task A Task B Task C B finished C finished Task C time
Embedded Software Design – Single-tasking example • ATM Withdraw money Transfer accounts Show account info time – Multi-tasking example • Multimedia phone Play MP 3 …… JAVA Game time
Embedded Software Design – Non-real-time system or real-time system • Non-real-time system – A non-real-time system is one for which there is no deadline, even if fast response or high performance is desired or even preferred. • Real-time system – Hardware and software systems which are subject to a "real-time constraint" — i. e. operational deadlines from event to system response. – A real-time system may be one where its application can be considered (within context) to be mission critical.
Embedded Software Design – Real-time system example • Anti-lock Brakes System (ABS) – A system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. – Real-time constraint » The short time in which the brakes must be released to prevent the wheel from locking. – Real-time computations are not completed in the time-period after the event before the deadline relative to the event have failed.
Embedded Software Design – Hard and Soft real-time system • Hard real-time system – The correctness of an operation depends not only upon the logical correctness of the operation but also upon the time at which it is performed. – Hard real-time systems are typically found interacting at a low level with physical hardware, in embedded systems. – Example: Car Engine Control System » A delayed signal may cause engine failure or damage. – Other examples » Nuclear power stations » Car airbags
Embedded Software Design • Soft real-time system – Soft real-time systems are typically those used where there is some issue of concurrent access and the need to keep a number of connected systems up to date with changing situations. – Example 1: The flight plans management system » The software that maintains and updates the flight plans for commercial airliners. » These can operate to a latency of seconds. – Example 2: Live audio-video systems » Violation of constraints results in degraded quality, but the system can continue to operate.
Embedded Software Design – It is important to note that • Hard versus soft real-time does not necessarily relate to the length of time available. • A processor does not turn on cooling within 15 minutes machine may overheat (hard real-time). • A network interface card is not read within a fraction of a second may lose buffered data but the data can be resent over the network if needed (soft real-time). • Real-time ≠ high performance – For Anti-lock Brakes System » Has been designed to meet its required deadlines. » No further performance gains are necessary.
Embedded Software Design • Development Kits – GNU Tools • Free software, easy to get for developing. (Free as in Freedom) • Abundant in documents, manuals and lots of developing societies, easy to learn. • Fully support the GNU-based software such as Linux, Linux-based software, simplify the porting process. • Multiple platform supported, such as x 86, ARM, MIPS, NIOS, Power. PC … • Operate in command line mode. • Basic tools – – – C/C++ Compiler: gcc, g++ Assembler: as Linker: ld Debugger: gdb Others: objcopy, objdump, nm, ar, strip, ranlib …
Embedded Software Design – Integrated Development Environment (By ARM’s example) • ARM Software Development Tools (ARM SDT) – Provided by ARM company. – Basic tools » » C/C++/THUMB Compiler: armcc, tcc Assembler: armasm Linker: armlink Debugger: armsd – ADS is the newer version of SDT. • ARM Developer Suite (ADS) [2] – An Integrated Development Environment for Windows, Linux and Solaris. – GUI development environment and debugger. – Support for families of processors including ARM 7, ARM 9 E, ARM 10, Strong. ARM and Intel XScale. – Real-time Debug and Trace support. – On-line documentation.
Embedded Software Design • Software Porting – Porting is often a necessary process of designing a complex embedded system. – What kind of software can we port from existing software ? • Boot loader U-Boot, LILO … • Embedded OS u. Clinux, u. COS-II … • Applications mplayer, microwindows – Software selection issues for porting • Software complexity ? • Software is well-ported ? • What is the development tool that the software based on ?
Embedded Software Design – Example: U-Boot (The Universal Boot Loader) • A GPL'ed cross-platform boot loader shepherded by project leader Wolfgang Denk. • Supports for hundreds of embedded boards and a wide variety of CPUs including Power. PC, ARM, MIPS, NIOS, and x 86. . . etc. • Easily configure to strike the right balance between a rich feature set and a small binary footprint. • Allowing you to focus on the core of your embedded application. • Can easily add support for new hardware or add a special feature in U-Boot.
Hardware/Software Co-Design [3] • Current methods for designing embedded systems require to specify and design hardware and software separately. • Designers often strive to make everything fit in software, and off-load only some parts of the design to hardware to meet timing constraints. • The problems with these design methods are: – Lack of a unified hardware-software representation • Leads to difficulties in verifying the entire system. – A priori definition of partitions • Leads to sub-optimal designs. – Lack of a well-defined design flow • Makes specification revision difficult, and directly impacts time-to-market.
Hardware/Software Co-Design • Hardware/Software co-design can be defined as the cooperative design of hardware and software. • Co-design research deals with the problem of designing heterogeneous systems. • One of the goals of co-design is to shorten the time-to-market while reducing the design effort and costs of the designed products.
Hardware/Software Co-Design Figure: The design flow of the general co-design Source: [4]
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
Embedded Microprocessor • The evolution of microprocessors has been known to follow Moore's Law when it comes to steadily increasing performance over the years. Moore’s Law [1] This law suggests that the complexity of an integrated circuit, with respect to minimum component cost, doubles every 24 months.
Embedded Microprocessor Figure: Moore’s Law Source: [1]
Embedded Microprocessor • There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, Coldfire/68 k, Power. PC, X 86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR etc. • For more complex applications, 8/16 -bit microprocessors are no longer suitable for the system because of the requirements of performance and functionalities.
Embedded Microprocessor • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) – In the mid-1980 s to early-1990 s, a crop of new high-performance RISC microprocessors appeared. – Some companies have attacked niches in the market, notably ARM, originally intended for home computer use but since focused at the embedded processor market. – Today RISC designs based on the MIPS, ARM or Power. PC core power the vast majority of computing devices.
Embedded Microprocessor • ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) – A 32 -bit RISC processor architecture that is widely used in a number of embedded designs. – The ARM family accounts for over 75% of all 32 -bit embedded CPUs. – Can be found in all corners of consumer electronics from portable devices (PDAs, Mobile phones) to computer peripherals (Hard drives, desktop routers).
Embedded Microprocessor • ARM 7 & Cortex Cores [1]
Embedded Microprocessor • The ARM architecture includes the following RISC features – Load/store architecture. – No support for misaligned memory accesses (now supported in v 6 Arm cores). – Orthogonal instruction set. – Large 16 × 32 -bit register file. – Fixed opcode width of 32 bits to ease decoding and pipelining, at the cost of decreased code density. – Mostly single-cycle execution.
Embedded Microprocessor • Power consumption: CPU Power W – – – – ARM 7 TDMI: < 0. 25 ARM 7 TDMI-S: < 0. 4 ARM 9 TDMI: 0. 3 ARM 1020 E: ~0. 85 IXP (XScale): 1. 2 Inter 486 cpu: 10 Cortex. A 9 Singlecore: 0. 4 Cortex. A 9 Dualcore: 1. 9~0. 5 Clock /MHz 60 -110 >50 167 - 220 200 - 400 533 50 830 2000 -800
Embedded Microprocessor • MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) – A RISC microprocessor architecture developed by MIPS Technologies. – MIPS designs are used in • • SGI’s computer product line Windows CE devices Cisco routers Video game consoles (Nintendo 64, Sony PS, PS 2 and PS Portable) • Many embedded systems
Embedded Microprocessor • MIPS CPU Family [1]
Embedded Microprocessor • Power. PC – A RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. – Originally intended for personal computers, Power. PC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. IBM Power. PC 601 IBM Power. PC 604 e 200 MHz
Embedded Microprocessor • Power. PC design features – The Power. PC is designed along RISC principles, and allows for a superscalar implementation. – Versions of the design exist in both 32 -bit and 64 -bit implementations. – Starting with the basic POWER specification, the Power. PC added support for operations in both big-endian and little-endian modes.
Embedded Microprocessor • Embedded Power. PC [1] – IBM • 403: MMU added in most advanced version 403 GCX • 405: MMU, Ethernet, serial, PCI, SRAM, SDRAM • 440 xx: 440 EP, 440 GX – Motorola (now Freescale) • MPC 860/8 xx (Power. QUICC): networking & telecomm card controllers • MPC 5200/5200 B (603 e core): automotive & industrial controllers • MPC 8260/82 xx (Power. QUICC II, a 603 core): networking & telecomm system controllers with highcapacity on-chip switched bus
Embedded Microprocessor • Embedded processor preference trends [6]
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
Embedded Operating System • Embedded operation systems – Symbian OS – Window CE – u. C/OS-II – QNX – e. Cos – Android – Embedded Linux • Most of applications basing on Embedded Linux except special applications.
Embedded Operating System • Embedded Linux [1] – Embedded Linux refers to the use of the Linux in embedded systems such as cell phones, PDA, media player handsets, and other consumer electronics devices. – Embedded Linux has these advantages compared to other embedded OS: • • Open source Small footprint No royalty costs Mature and stable (over ten years of age and used in many devices) • Well supported
Embedded Operating System – Embedded Linux also provides the following supports besides multitasking, memory protection, IPC …etc • File systems – Ext 2, Ext 3, JFFS 2, FAT, NTFS … • Networking – TCP/IP, Bridging, Routing, WLAN, Qo. S … • Device drivers – USB, IEEE 1394, SCSI, PCI, Graphics … • GUI – Microwindows, Mini. GUI, Qt Embedded … • … etc
Embedded Operating System – Linux is a real-time system ? • The generic Linux 2. 6 kernel is not yet a true real-time operating system. • Linux 2. 6 is more responsive than 2. 4 – Linux 2. 6 uses a preemptible kernel – The algorithm used for scheduling has been made more efficient in Linux 2. 6 • True real-time Linux – RTLinux, Montavista real-time solution … Comparison of real-time performance [8]
Embedded Operating System – Embedded Linux devices • Mobile phones – Motorola A 728, A 760, E 680 i … – Panasonic P 901 i. TV, P 902 i … – Samsung SGH-i 858, SCH-i 519 … • PDA, Handheld devices – Sharp SL-6000, SL-A 300 … – Nokia 770 Internet Tablet … – Compaq i. PAQ … • Audio/video entertainment devices – D-Link DSM-320 – Haier/Freescale UWB media server – Motorola DCT 5000 set-top box • … etc
Embedded Operating System • Embedded systems survey: Operating systems up for grabs. [9] – Who influenced the choice of OS?
Embedded Operating System – What type of OS?
Embedded Operating System – Reasons for not choosing a commercial OS
Embedded Operating System – Commercial OS factors
Embedded Operating System – OS for next project
Embedded Operating System – Interest in Linux
Embedded Operating System – Reasons for considering Linux
Embedded Operating System – Reasons for not considering Linux
Embedded Operating System – Current commercial OS
Embedded Operating System – Commercial OS respondents would consider
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
Embedded Linux Distributions • Commercial Distributions [10] – AMIRIX • Derived from standard, open source Debian GNU/Linux • Can be used in such things as Internet infrastructure, consumer devices, retail business products, and transportation systems. • Benefits: – Fully optimized, tailored support – Truly embedded » Flash based, diskless operation » Headless support » Small footprint – Native and cross development host support – Comprehensive, user-friendly manual to get you up and running quickly
Embedded Linux Distributions – Lineo Embedix • Supports a wide range of CPUs with and without MMUs, including X 86, Power. PC, ARM, MIPS, and more. • Ease your complete product development and release cycle, giving you the ability to spend your time on your product, not worrying about the OS. • Lineo Embedix provides – Very high performance hard real-time – Multi-processor (DSPs, 16 bit, 32 bit, and nonheterogeneous architectures) support – Native support for Legacy RTOS APIs – Smart Handheld Device solution stacks – Digital TV solution stacks (coming soon!)
Embedded Linux Distributions – Lynux. Works Blue. Cat • Blue. Cat Linux from Lynux. Works is an enhanced implementation of the Linux model, made viable for use in a wide range of embedded systems. • Blue. Cat Linux advantages – Single, accountable source for embedded Linuxinherently stable and supportable Linux environment. – Immediate productivity-includes powerful commercialgrade tools and support package for developing and deploying embedded Linux. – Unrivaled expertise-15+ years of expertise in UNIX model-based embedded operating systems.
Embedded Linux Distributions – Monta. Vista Hard Hat Linux • Monta. Vista Linux is the leading embedded Linux development platform. • Designed for the scalability, dependability and performance required of well-designed embedded applications. • Supported platform: x 86/IA-32, Power. PC, Strong. ARM, XScale, MIPS, SH, ARM, and other microprocessor architectures. • Includes scaling and configuration tools – Let developers right size Linux kernel and filesystems to suit their memory footprint. • Includes support for various networking and routing protocols.
Embedded Linux Distributions – Red Hat Embedded Linux • Red Hat Embedded Linux Developer Suite – A collection of Tools and Runtime Technologies. – Enables the creation, deployment and testing of target software components for devices. – Accelerate development cycles and improve product quality. – Fine-grain configuration of operating system components RPM technology. – Stay flexible. • Red Hat has multiple service packages to choose from for the many stages of development.
Embedded Linux Distributions • Open Source Distributions [10] – Embedded Debian • This project is to make Debian GNU/Linux a mainstream choice for embedded projects. • Embedded Debian tries to strip Debian down to be a much smaller system whilst keeping all the good things. • The 'embedded' hardware can be anything from a full -blown PC to a MMU-less thing with a few MB of RAM and flash.
Embedded Linux Distributions – Pee. Wee. Linux • A small Linux distribution aimed at embedded devices. • Main features – – – – Ease of use Menu driven development environment Sources are available Package maintenance using rpm Ideal for embedded applications Suitable for building single floppy systems XFree 86 support Kernel supports USB, PCMCIA, and M-Systems Disk. On-Chip
Embedded Linux Distributions – u. Clinux • A derivative of Linux specifically for microprocessors which do NOT provide Memory Management Units (MMUs). • u. Clinux was first ported to the Motorola MC 68328 Dragon. Ball Integrated Microprocessor. • Ported Microcontrollers and Microprocessors – Motorola Dragon. Ball (M 68 EZ 328), M 68328, M 68 EN 322, Cold. Fire, QUICC – ARM 7 TDMI – Atari 68 k – Axis ETRAX – Altera NIOS/NIOS-II – … and more all the time!
Embedded Linux Distributions • u. Clinux Features – Multitasking can be tricky non-MMU platform – Most of the source code for the kernel have been rewritten u. Clinux kernel is much smaller than the original Linux 2. 0 kernel. – Retaining the main advantages of the Linux stability, superior network capability, and excellent file system support. – Key features » Common Linux API » u. Ckernel < 512 KB » u. Ckernel + tools < 900 KB
Embedded Linux Distributions – ARM Linux • A port of the successful Linux Kernel to ARM processor based machines, lead mainly by Russell King. • ARM Linux is under almost constant development by various people and organizations around the world. • The ARM Linux kernel is being ported, or has been ported to more than 500 different machine variations.
Embedded Linux Distributions • Real-time Distributions [10] – RTLinux • • A "hard real-time" mini operating system. Runs Linux as its lowest priority execution thread. The Linux thread is made completely preemptible. Real-time threads and interrupt handlers are never delayed by non-real-time operations. • The latest version of RTLinux supports user-level real-time programming.
Embedded Linux Distributions – RTAI (Real Time Application Interface) • A comprehensive Real Time Application Interface for Linux Not an operating system. • Usable both for uniprocessors (UP) and for symmetric multi processors (SMP). • Several architectures are supported – – x 86 (with and without FPU and TSC) x 86_64 (beta) Power. PC (recovering) ARM (Strong. ARM; ARM 7: clps 711 x-family, Cirrus Logic EP 7 xxx, CS 89712, PXA 25 x) • RTAI is very much module oriented. • To use RTAI, you have to load the modules that implement whatever RTAI capabilities you need.
Outline • • Introduction History Embedded System Design Embedded Microprocessor Embedded Operating System Embedded Linux Distributions Embedded Application
Embedded Application • OBS System – The Ocean Bottom Seismometer is a self contained data -acquisition system which free falls to the ocean floor and records seismic data generated by earthquakes. – Designed by Embedded System Lab. • • Data acquisition and logging system Time-base and GPS synchronization system OBS release system VHF and Flash light system
Embedded Application • So. PC based Automatic Vision Detection and Location – The system uses the FPGA board with So. PC as development platform to develop automatic detection and location system. The board can integrate video input and output, detection and location functions in a single FPGA chip.
References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ARM Developer Suite Hardware/Software Codesign Group Hardware/Software Codesign 電子 程專輯, 關注嵌入式系統的發展動力 Linux. Devices. com, Snapshot of the embedded Linux market -May, 2006 Micrium. com, u. COS-II Linux. Devices. com, Linux 2. 6: A Breakthrough for Embedded Systems Embedded. com, Embedded systems survey: Operating systems up for grabs Linux. Devices. com, Embedded Linux Distributions Quick Reference Guide Linux Journal, u. Clinux for Linux programmers Linux Device Driver, 3 rd Edition, O'Reilly Embedded. com, Linux's Future in the Embedded Systems Market
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