Elizabeth Blackwell to YOUMedical Education and Women Maureen

Elizabeth Blackwell to YOUMedical Education and Women Maureen Novak, MD Woman Pediatrician Medical Educator Professor, Associate Dean for Medical Education University of Florida College of Medicine

Born 1821 First woman to receive a medical degree in the US A true pioneer in medical education

Pearls Medical Education Large system Rapid changes Unsure outcome Women influence? 20 th century: # of women entering medical school led to premature conclusion of gender equity www. aamc. org/members/gwims/statistics/

History Allopathic dominance Male dominance Sooo what did women bring to academic medicine Tied closely to medicine as it is practiced today Let’s learn some history….

Historical presence? Not at first Prior to 20 th century Medical Education was varied Quality-some good, many bad! For profit—this may be coming back! Nonstandardized curricula and education goals Women—not many 1910 Flexner Report Johns Hopkins was the model school Implementation of 2 years basic science and then 2 years clinical medicine Women should be included in education of physicians

Last half of 19 th century Many schools for women open across the Northeast 1863 Medical education of women NYC Elizabeth Blackwell Wanted to start a women’s school

By 1870 525 trained American women doctors More than the rest of countries combined. 137 women were in regular medical schools-most in women’s schools. Dr Elizabeth Blackwell fought hard: soon after her graduation from Geneva Medical College, no more women allowed. Her goal was to improve medical education for women.

So if we couldn’t join them-- Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania 1850 Woman’s Hospital of Philadelphia 1861 And then a hospital for clinical experiences Ann Preston M. D. first graduation class and then the first woman dean of a US medical School New England Hospital for Women and Children 1862

Lectures: yes, but no experience Midwife education practical European model

Just like now: assessment leads curriculum

Small group teaching!

Apply knowledge at the bedside

Professionalism

And of course: philanthropy!

Letters of recommendation

Women’s College of Pennsylvania

Why did medical education change this way? Dr. Blackwell’s goals Women and children to be treated by women physicians Clinical instruction for women medical students Train nurses under female supervision Need decreased for women's medical schools with coeducation

Every adult has the tight to instruction Gender has nothing to do with this right Women are doing this already! Women are going to inferior schools and other countries to gain what could be gotten in Boston

Medical Education: effect of a female presence Social and economic cost of illness Public health policy Access to care Research for medical conditions effecting women and children Diversity of the physician work force Not just gender

Academic Medicine Examples that resonate with you! OSCE anyone? Dr Paula Stillman a pediatric faculty member at University of Arizona NBME Computer based testing Self assessment and more in standardized testing First woman president and CEO of NBME: Dr Edith Levit

More revolutionary ideas in medical education Humanities The role of literature in medicine Reflection to improve empathy and the doctor-patient relationship Dr Rita Charon at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons History and Physical Exam THE STANDARD TEXT: Bates Guide to the Physical Examination and History Taking Aside—based on Roger Tory Peterson’s ornithology guides! Dr Barbara Bates University of Rochester

Sustained ideas from Women Medical educators Interprofessional care Improving access to care Dr Bates, again, worked to develop the nurse-practioner

Research Constant presence Florence Sabin, MD Discovery of the origin and processes of the lymphatic system and on work on tuberculosis First woman full professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1917 First woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 1925 Virginia Apgar, MD Developed a standardized system to evaluate newborns First woman full professor at College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, 1949

Clinical Firsts in Academic Medicine Mary Ellen Avery MD First woman Physician-in-Chief at The Children’s Hospital, Boston, from 1974 -1985. Thomas Morgan Rotch Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School 1974 1959 discovery of the cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants: the lack of surfactant Nancy Dickey MD First woman president of the AMA (1997 -98) First woman president of Texans A&M Health Science Center Family Medicine

Academic Medicine Administration: Trailblazers First woman Dean: Ann Preston, MD In first class of Female Medical College of Pennsylvania Founding Deans: Deborah German, MD University of Central Florida Cynda Ann Johnson, MD Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine

GOAL Increase representation of women in academic medicine Improve health care for all Research Clinical care Administration

Where to go from here? LEADERSHIP Professional development Educational Clinical Research Administration Coaching and mentoring Understanding Unconscious BIAS For search committees For P and T committees

How? Regular feedback on performance Clarification of promotion requirements Well defined roles and linkages to the medical school’s mission Culture that cultivates diversity Regardless of gender, race and sexual orientation Environment for retention! Increased opportunities for advancement Understand compare your institution!

Be involved! Academic Medicine is key to our success as WOMEN in medicine NETWORK with other women Mentor other women Find a mentor Include men in the conversation Resources AMWA!!! AAMC early and mid career professional development seminars Drexel University’s Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine program (ELAM)

References http: //www. sph. bu. edu/insider/images/stories/resourc es/Literature/Bickel_Increasing%20 women's%20 leader ship%20 in%20 academic%20 medicine. pdf www. aamc. org/members/gwims/statistics/ Harvard University Countway Library of Medicine/Blackwell, Elizabeth 1864 www. nursingclio. org www. hws. edu/about/blackwell American Journal of Public Health 92: 3 363; 2002