ELIMiniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense UltraShort xRay

ELI-Miniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense Ultra-Short x-Ray Pulses Guests from University Uppsala Group of Prof. Janos Hajdu (BMC) Janos Hajdu Nicusor Timneanu Jakob Andreasson Tomas Ekeberg Structural Biology Labs Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden http: //xray. bmc. uu. se/ Pioneering work on imaging using -xrays

09: 30 - 09: 45 ELI Introduction, x-ray sources 15' Georg Korn (Fyzikální ústav AV ČR v. v. i. ) 09: 45 - 10: 15 Imaging with Short Intense X-ray Pulses 30' Janos Hajdu (BMC) 10: 15 - 10: 35 Current challenges in Structural Biology, Introduction of Structural Biology Team at IOCB 20' Pavlina Rezacova (IOCB) 10: 35 - 11: 05 From Diffractive Imaging to Structure Reconstruction 30' Tomas Ekeberg (BMC) 11: 05 - 11: 20 coffee break 11: 20 - 11: 50 Science at the extremes - from high energy density to structural biology 30' Nicusor Timneanu (BMC) 11: 50 - 12: 20 Research-driven instrument development at the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics 30' Jakob Andreasson (BMC) 12: 20 - 13: 45 lunch break 13: 45 - 14: 15 X-ray Detection with the Timepix Detector 30' Jan Jakubek (UTEF) 14: 15 - 14: 45 Possible Molecular Biology Projects at ELI Beamlines 30' Bohdan Schneider (BIOCEV) 14: 45 - 15: 00 coffee break 15: 00 - 15: 30 ELI Experimental Station for Structural Dynamics of Biomolecules 30' Tomáš Polivka (IPB) 15: 30 - 16: 00 Influencing and probing biostructures at ELI Beamlines 30' Libor Juha (Fyzikální ústav AV ČR, v. v. i. )

ELI-Miniworkshop on Biological Imaging with Intense Ultra-Short x-Ray Pulses Sources of Coherent and Incoherent Short X-rays Pulses Planned within ELI Georg Korn Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic korn@fzu. cz

ELI-Beamlines missions : fundamental and applied research - High-repetition rate and high average power lasers using diode-pumping - Ultra-high peak power of 10 PW, focused intensities up to 1024 Wcm-2 1. Generation of rep-rated femtosecondary sources of radiation and particles - XUV and X-ray sources (monochromatic and broadband) - Accelerated electrons (2 Ge. V 10 Hz rep-rate, 100 Ge. V low rep-rate), protons (200 -400 Me. V 10 Hz rep-rate, >3 Ge. V low-rep-rate), first step 60 Me. V-eye surgery (eye melanoma treatment) - Gamma-ray sources (broadband) 2. Programmatic applications of rep-rated femtosecondary sources - Medical research including proton therapy - Molecular, biomedical and material sciences - Physics of dense plasmas, laser fusion, laboratory astrophysics 3. High-field physics experiments with focused intensities 1023 -1024 Wcm-2 - “Exotic” physics, non-linear QED: sophisticated pump-probe capabilities 4. Development & testing new technologies for multi-PW laser systems - Generation and compression of 10 -PW ultrashort pulses, coherent superposition, etc.

Research Programs ELI-beamlines

Detailed organization of the building Ground floor Laser systems

Laser-driven x-rays : several approaches K-alpha emission Pump Laser Prepulse Harmonics (solid) Harmonics (gas) Solid target K-alpha Probe laser Plasma based x-ray lasers X-rays from relativistic e-beams

K-alpha emission : easy and ultrafast x-ray source - Monochromatic - Fully divergent - Duration 100 fs - KHz rep. rate - Flux : 1 e 9 ph/shot Main limitations : tunability, polychromaticity, divergence

K-alpha emission appropriate for pump-probe experiments with 100 fs time resolution Rose-Petruck et al Nature 398, 310 -312 (25 March 1999)

K-alpha emission appropriate for pump-probe experiments with 100 fs time resolution Rousse et al. Nature 410 (6824) 65 (2001)

High-Order Harmonic Generation in Gases HHG based on laser-gas interaction at moderate intensities (1013 -1014 W/cm 2) ✤Odd harmonics of the IR laser H H H 2 2 9 H 2 7 2 5 1 3 1 9 λ (nm) H 3 1 ✤Short pulses (limited by the IR pulse duration) ✤Collimated, coherent beam ✤Tunability ✤Cheap and convenient

High order harmonics generation : spectra Neon at 19 nm 1. 6 107 phot/harm/shot H 43 Efficiency : 5 e-8 H 23 Argon at 34 nm 1010 phot/harm/shot Efficiency : 3 e-5 H 17 Xenon at 46 nm 6 109 phot/harm/shot Efficiency : 7 e-6

High-Order Harmonic Generation in gases using two colors

Performances of HHG sources (gas) Wavelength Photons/shot Δλ/λ Divergence Spatial profil Wavefront Duration Transverse coherence Long. coherence Polarization k. Hz, 1 m. J, Phase 1 k. Hz, 100 m. J, Phase 2 10 -60 nm 107 to 109 at 10 Hz few 1011 -1012 10 -2 <1 mrad Gaussian-like λ /10 Sub fs High OK OK Linear

Harmonics from solid target plasma, later stage

ELI front end unit: 1 J, 5 fs , 10 Hz Focal spot ds = 10 μm IL=2. 5 x 1020 W/cm 2 a. L~11 Spectral range Number of photons Pulse duration 20 -70 e. V (Al filter) ~7 *1015 84 as 80 -200 e. V (Zr filter) ~2*1014 38 as ~2*1012 5 as 400 -1000 e. V (Cu filter) Y. Nomura et al. , Nature Phys. 5, 124 (2009) B. Dromey et al, Nature Phys. 2, 456 (2006) G. D. Tsakiris et al. New J. Phys. 8, 19(2006)

HHG from plasma mirror : at 1 to 10 PW

Seeded soft x-ray lasers : principle

Prospect on x-ray lasers using ELI Accessible with 1 PW Wavelength: 3 to 40 nm Energy: few 100 µJ Duration : 0. 2 to 1 ps Diffraction limited Fully coherent Linearly polarized Accessible with 1 k. Hz pumping Wavelength: 1. 3 to 40 nm Energy: few µJ Duration : 1 ps Diffraction limited Fully coherent Linearly polarized

Plasma wave acceleration : State of the art 50 TW laser He gas jet Electron bunch mm Energy: up to 200 Me. V Spectrum: Monochromatic or broadband Charge: up to a few 100 s p. C Divergence: a few mrad Duration: fs Faure et al. , Nature 2004, Mangles et al, Nature 2004, Geddes et al, Nature 2004 Caplilary cm Energy: up to 1 Ge. V Spectrum: Monochromatic Charge: up to a few 10 s p. C Divergence: a few mrad Duration: fs Leemans et al, Nature Phys, 2006 He gas jet mm Energy: up to 200 Me. V Spectrum: Monochromatic tunable Charge: up to a few 10 s p. C Divergence: a few mrad Duration: fs Faure et al, Nature, 2006

Moving charge radiation Velocit y Accelerati on Radiated energy Rc . β Electron β We need relativistic electrons undergoing oscillations

X-rays from relativistic e-beams : techniques Non-linear Thomson scattering Thomson Backscattering Betatron radiation Classical undulator

Extrapolation up to 10 PW, Betatron

X-ray Compton scattering γ NX, ωX Electron Laser a 0, ω0 Modest electrons energies can produce high energy xrays ωx=4γ 2ω0 20 Me. V 10 ke. V 65 Me. V 100 ke. V The flux depends on the electron charge Ne and a 02 N x ∝a 0 2 x N e

X-ray Compton scattering: “the easy method” He gas jet 50 TW / 30 fs laser Faisceau de rayonnement X jusqu’au Me. V Foil, blade K. Ta Phuoc et al, Submitted, 2011

Beam profile Phosphor screen ● High energy x-ray beam. 18 mrad FWHM D Compton scattering xrays CC 50 TW / 30 fs laser

Beam profile Phosphor screen D CC 50 TW / 30 fs laser Compton scattering xrays ● High energy x-ray beam. 18 mrad FWHM He gas jet D Bremsstrahlung background Phosphor screen CC 50 TW / 30 fs laser 50 microns Al filter

Source features ● 108 photons / shot ● 1021 photons / mm 2 / mrad 2 ● Source size 1. 5 microns ● few femtosecond duration

Peliminary implementation in E 1 and E 2 E 1 k. Hz E 2 PW, 10 Hz

basic setup M. Fuchs, …, F. Grüner, Nature Physics 5, 826 (2009) plasma stage undulator sub-cm period high-intensity laser energy ~ J pulse length ~ 25 fs power: 100 TW → few PW magnetic lenses 500 T/m gradient diagnostics/ applications key challenges for FEL: energy spread, charge, emittance → combine conventional and plasma acceleration at DESY

Towards laser driven XFEL layout from start-to-end simulations for a 5 ke. V-XFEL: • 5 fs X-ray pulse length F. Grüner, ELIworkshop, Prague 2010 • 2 Ge. V electrons, 1 n. C charge • ~ 1012 photons / shot • peak brilliance ~ 1030 ph/(s mm² mrad² 0. 1 % bw) • needs few PW-laser → ELI!! Diagnostics of short bunches, Detector development In collaboration with DESY

Detailed organization of the building Ground floor Laser systems

user meeting next october 2012

Conclusions CONCLUSION variety of laser-driven short pulse x-ray sources with very different parameters will be available at ELI-beamlines ● ● ● A lot of things to be done using multi-beam, high rep. rate…. most promising sources for imaging laser driven LUX and X-FEL (molecular imaging, diffractive) Betatron (phase-contrast imaging) k-alpha (imaging and diffraction) Laser driven x-ray sources can be coupled to e-beam or proton beams for unique pump-probe experiments ●

ELI Beamlines facility schematic Laser system Exp areas

Technologies of rep-rate pump lasers for ELIBeamlines / 1 L 1: Thin disk pump technology Development carried out by MPQ/LMU/MBI ELI-Beamlines: cooperation on development of multipass-amps, development of 1. 5 J / 1 k. Hz system

Technologies of rep-rate pump lasers for ELIBeamlines / 2 L 2 & L 3: Multislab technology using He gas cooling Development of cryogenic Yb: YAG amplifier technology at RAL/STFC essential for ELI-Beamlines Technology demonstrated at LLNL: 60 J/10 Hz Mercury laser ELI-Beamlines: cooperation on development of Yb: YAG technology Transfer lines Helium cooling circuit Amplifier head Cryostat Study of layout of a Yb: YAG 100 J system for ELI-Beamlines and Hi. LASE According to RAL/STFC (courtesy of K. Ertel and J. Collier)

Vibration analysis of the laser building Master structural model Monolithic structure (laser and experimental areas) Supporting technologies (air conditioning, vacuum pumps, etc. ) & auxiliary laboratories Analysis of vibrations of the building has accounted for actual sources of vibration measured on the site Results yield amplitudes lower than one micron on the floor of laser & experimental halls

Target halls in the basement: radiology classification of areas Example of bulk shielding calculations: Experimental hall E 6 (proton acceleration) µSv / 100 shots 10, 000 1, 000 500 100 25 12. 5 4 2. 5 0. 5 Laser and ventilation duct penetrations, 0. 5 m below roof

2 -3 rooms dedicated to fs X-rays and applications E 2 E 1

Electron acceleration (LWFA) with 250 J laser pulses

Towards laser driven XFEL, LUX beamline 2 Ge. V electrons, 5 ke. V, short and tunable x-ray pulses, Diagnostics of short bunches. Detector In collaboration with DESY