Elements of Music Continued Melody Melody n General

Elements of Music (Continued) Melody

Melody n (General) the horizontal aspect of music; pitches heard one after another n (Specific) a series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole

Melody Characteristics n Direction – Curve, Line n Shape – Beginning, Middle, End n Continuity – How one pitch leads to another – Setting up expectations and fulfilling them

53 1 3 5 1 Oh, say can you see, 3 2 1 3 4 5 By the dawn’s ear-ly light

5 5 3 2 1 7 What so proud-ly we hailed 6 7 1 1 5 3 1 At the twilight’s last gleam-ing

1 2 3 1 Are you sleep-ing? 3 4 5 Bro-ther John? 5 6 5 4 3 1 Morn-ing bells are ring-ing. 1 5 1 Ding, dong, ding. Ding, dong ding.

MOTIVE n. A fragment of a melody, or short musical idea that is developed within a composition n A group of notes recognizable for its pitch and rhythmic formulation – Can be repeated in a number of ways and contexts

PHRASE n Part of a melody n A combination of motives forming a longer connected unit n Finished by a musical punctuation called a CADENCE

CADENCE n Resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody n Musical “punctuation mark” n From Latin cadare meaning “to fall” n 2 types – INCOMPLETE or OPEN • Does not sound like you can end the piece here • Gives expectation of continuing (Usually SD 5) – COMPLETE or CLOSED • Does sound like you can end piece here • Feels complete (Usually SD 1)

JOSEPH HAYDN Symphony No. 94 in G Major (the “Surprise”), Movement 2 1133553 4422775 1133553 1 1 4 4 5 5. motive X Y X Z

CADENCE PHRASE Motive X Y X Z

MELODY n. A succession of phrases making a whole span of music

n PARAGRAPH Punctuation Mark = Melody Cadence n SENTENCE = Phrase n WORD = Motive

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1 Beginning of Melody One . 5553 4442 5553 6665 3 3 3 1… motive X X’ repeated and transposed down X X’’ contracted and transposed X’ repeated and transposed up

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1 1712776 Beginning of Melody Two X’ from melody one Inverted in shape . 5551 1712776 X’ from melody one Inverted in shape New motive Z New Motive Z repeated 5551

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1 n Motive “x” - the motive Beethoven called “fate knocking at the door” is constantly present in the whole movement n This motive appears in other 3 movements of symphony also n This motive IS the MAIN IDEA of work

THEME Main idea of a composition n Main idea that serves as a starting point for an extended piece of music n Something that unites and marks a piece n – Can be a motive – Can be a melody – Can be other musical elements • Dynamics • Timbre, etc.

ANTON WEBERN Third piece from Five Pieces for Orchestra n What is theme? n What is main idea? n Is it a motive or melody? n What seems to be the focus or main idea of this composition?

Melodic Articulations n STACCATO – short, detached, sharp-sounding • Example: JOSEPH HAYDN Movement 2 from “Surprise” Symphony No. 94 in G Major n LEGATO – smooth • Example: J. S. BACH “Wachet Auf” Chorale from Cantata #140

CLIMAX n Highest pitch or emotional focus point in a melody or a larger musical work

J. S. BACH Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Awake), Movement 7 Phrase 1, 2 & 3 13555565 5 123 2 1 7 6 5 515634321.

J. S. BACH Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Awake), Movement 7 554321 2343 5671 515634321 Phrases 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 .

Elements of Music (continued) Harmony

Harmony n (General) Results when different pitches are sounded at the same time n (Specific) How chords are constructed and how they follow each other

Harmony Terms n INTERVAL – “Distance” in pitch between any 2 tones – Can also refer to 2 pitches sounded simultaneously n CHORD – Combination of 3 or more pitches sounded at once

Main Concepts of HARMONY these are CULTURALLY DETERMINED n CONSONANCE (n. ), CONSONANT (adj. ) – Intervals or chords that sound: • pleasant • relatively stable • free of tension n DISSONANCE (n. ), DISSONANT (adj. ) – Intervals or chords that sound: • unpleasant • relatively unstable • full of tension

Examples n CONSONANCE – (1) JOSEPH HAYDN Movement 2 from “Surprise” Symphony No. 94 in G Major – (2) J. S. BACH Chorale from Cantata #140 “Wachet Auf” n DISSONANCE – (1) ARNOLD SCHOENBERG “Mondestrunken” (Moondrunk) from Pierrot Lunaire – (2) ANTON WEBERN Third piece from Five Pieces for Orchestra

CHROMATICISM n Using pitches that are “in-between” the regular notes of the scale n Leads to greater amount of DISSONANCE in harmony #1 #2 #4 #5 #6 b 2 b 3 b 5 b 6 b 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

CHROMATICISM n Use of chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scale but included in the chormatic scale (which has twelve tones); often found in Romantic music n Example: FREDERIC CHOPIN Nocturne in Eb Major

TRIAD n Main type of chord used in classical music n Often called “the common chord” n Constructed of 3 notes each 1 step apart on scale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

MAJOR TRIAD n Triad with the interval pattern that is formed by notes 1, 3, & 5 of a MAJOR SCALE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

MINOR TRIAD n Triad with the interval pattern that is formed by notes 1, 3, & 5 of a MINOR SCALE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

KEY (tonality) - central note, scale, and chord within a piece, in relationship to which all other tones in the composition are heard n MAJOR KEY – music based on major scale n MINOR KEY – music based on minor scale