ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION SRDJAN CAVIC INTRODUCTION Electronic navigation are

ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION SRDJAN CAVIC

INTRODUCTION Electronic navigation are forms of navigation that ships, land vehicles, and people can use, which rely on technology powered by electricity. Methods of electronic navigation include: • Satellite navigation, satellite navigation systems • Radio navigation, the application of radio frequencies to determining a position • Radar navigation, the use of radar to determine position relative to known objects

SATELITE NAVIGATION A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimeters to metres) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites.

SATELITE NAVIGATION The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.

RADIO NAVIGATION Radio navigation or radionavigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position of an object on the Earth, either the vessel or an obstruction. Like radiolocation, it is a type of radiodetermination.

RADIO NAVIGATION The basic principles are measurements from/to electric beacons, especially • Angular directions, e. g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry, • Distances, e. g. ranging by measurement of time of flight between one transmitter and multiple receivers or vice versa, • Distance differences by measurement of times of arrival of signals from one transmitter to multiple receivers or vice versa • Partly also velocity, e. g. by means of radio Doppler Shift.

RADAR NAVIGATION An Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a geographic information system used for nautical navigation that complies with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations as an alternative to paper nautical charts. IMO refers to similar systems not meeting the regulations as Electronic Chart Systems (ECSs). An ECDIS system displays the information from Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) and integrates position information from position, heading and speed through water reference systems and optionally other navigational sensors. Other sensors which could interface with an ECDIS are radar, Navtex, Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), and depth sounders. In recent years concerns from the industry have been raised as to the system's security especially with regards to cyber attacks and GPS spoofing attacks.

RADAR NAVIGATIONAL PERFORMANCE CHART

VOCABULARY Geo-spatial positioning - In simple terms, geospatial information is geography and mapping. It is “place based” or “locational” information ( geoprostorno pozicioniranje) Longditude – geografska dužina Latitude – geografska širina Altitude – visina (u ovom slučaju nadmorska) Beacon - a fire or light set up in a high or prominent position as a warning, signal, or celebration. (svetionik) Interferometry- a family of techniques in which waves (usually electromagnetic waves) are superimposed, causing the phenomenon of interference, which is used to extract information. GPS spoofing - an attack in which a radio transmitter located near the target is used to interfere with a legitimate GPS signals Clutter - cover or fill (something) with an untidy collection of things, in this case interrupt radio waves Doppler Shift - the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source Precipitation - rain, snow, sleet, or hail — any kind of weather condition where something's falling from the sky (nevrijeme) Angular – having angles or sharp corners (ugaono/ugaona/ugaoni) Icing - the formation of ice on an aircraft, ship, or other vehicle, or in an engine (leđenje, zaleđivanje)