ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PHYSICS TALKS WHAT ARE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PHYSICS TALKS WHAT ARE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES? • Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic field. The magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave. Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in that they do not require a medium to propagate. This means that electromagnetic waves can travel not only through air and solid materials, but also through the vacuum of space. HOW THEY WERE DISCOVERED? • In the 1860's and 1870's, a Scottish scientist named James Clerk Maxwell developed a scientific theory to explain electromagnetic waves. He noticed that electrical fields and magnetic fields can couple together to form electromagnetic waves. He summarized this relationship between electricity and magnetism into what are now referred to as "Maxwell's Equations. "Electromagnetic waves can not only be described by their wavelength, but also by their energy and frequency. All three of these things are related to each other mathematically. This means that it is correct to talk about the energy of an Xray or the wavelength of a microwave or the frequency of a radio wave. a wave produced by the acceleration of an electric charge and propagated by the periodic variation of intensities of, usually, perpendicular electric and magnetic fields.

WAVES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM • The electromagnetic spectrum is the term used by scientists to describe the entire range of light that exists. From radio waves to gamma rays, most of the light in the universe is, in fact, invisible to us! The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of EM radiation. THE NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES • The term electromagnetic radiation, coined by Sir James Clerk Maxwell, is derived from the characteristic electric and magnetic properties common to all forms of this wavelike energy, as manifested by the generation of both electrical and magnetic oscillating fields as the waves propagate through space. Visible light represents only a small portion of Microwave: Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few minutes, but is also used by the entire spectrum of electromagnetic astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby radiation (as categorized in Figure 1), which galaxies. extends from high-frequency cosmic and �Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light gamma rays through X-rays, ultraviolet light, bulbs, and stars all emit visible light. infrared radiation, and microwaves, down to �X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, very low frequency long-wavelength radio and airport security uses them to see through your waves. bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays. �Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The biggest gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe.

• The link between light, electricity, and magnetism was not immediately obvious to early scientists who were experimenting with the fundamental properties of light and matter. Infrared light, which lies beyond the longer red wavelengths of visible light, was the first "invisible" form of electromagnetic radiation to be discovered. British scientist and astronomer William Herschel was investigating the association between heat and light with a thermometer and a prism when he found that the temperature was highest in the region just beyond the red portion of the visible light spectrum. Herschel suggested that there must be another type of light in this region that is not visible to the naked eye. • Ultraviolet radiation, at the other end of the visible spectrum, was discovered by Wilhelm Ritter, who was one of the first scientists to investigate the energy associated with visible light. By observing the rate at which various colors of light stimulate darkening of paper saturated with a solution of silver nitrate, Ritter discovered that another invisible form of light, beyond the blue end of the spectrum, yielded the fastest rates.

PROPAGATION OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE • Electromagnetic waves are waves which can travel through the vacuum of outer space. Mechanical waves, unlike electromagnetic waves, require the presence of a material medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another. Sound waves are examples of mechanical waves while light waves are examples of electromagnetic waves. • Electromagnetic waves are created by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration creates a wave which has both an electric and a magnetic component. An electromagnetic wave transports its energy through a vacuum at a speed of 3. 00 x 108 m/s (a speed value commonly represented by the symbol c). The propagation of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium occurs at a net speed which is less than 3. 00 x 108 m/s. This is depicted in the animation below

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