Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC and Nuclear Power Facilities presented

NRC Regulations • Part 50 of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR 50): “Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities” • • Structures, systems, and components important to safety in a nuclear power plant be designed to accommodate the effects of environmental conditions (i. e. , remain functional under all postulated service conditions) design control measures such as testing be used to check the adequacy of design. Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 2

Safety Functions • IEEE Std 379 -2000 IEEE Standard Application of the Single-Failure Criterion to Nuclear Power Generating Station Safety Systems – Description • • Replaced IEEE Standard (Std) 279, "Criteria for Protection Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations, " Incorporated in 10 CFR § 50. 55 a(h) of the NRC regulations • provides more specific requirements for the design of instrumentation and control (I&C) systems performing safety functions Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 3

Safety Analysis Report • • • Must be sufficient to confirm that the I&C systems important to safety are identified with descriptions of how these systems meet the appropriate acceptance criteria and guidelines applicable to them. SAR descriptions form the licensing design basis for the plant http: //www. nrc. gov/reading-rm/doccollections/nuregs/staff/sr 0800/ Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 4

NRC Regulatory Guide 1. 180 • • Guidelines for Evaluating Electromagnetic and Radio. Frequency Interference in Safety-Related Instrumentation and Control Systems Revision 1 issued October 2001 • • Adopted MIL-STD-461 E and IEC 61000 series of test methods Provides: • • Regulatory position on EMC Position on EMI/RFI limiting practices Position on EMI/RFI emissions and susceptibility testing Position on SWC testing Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 5

RG 1. 180 Emission testing • MIL-STD-461 E • • • IEC 61000 -6 -4 • • • CE 101 Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 k. Hz CE 102 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 10 k. Hz to 2 MHz RE 101 Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 k. Hz RE 102 Radiated emissions, electric field, 2 MHz to 1 GHz (None) Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 k. Hz CISPR 11 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 150 k. Hz to 30 MHz (None) Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 k. Hz CISPR 11 Radiated emissions, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz RG 1. 180 calls for applying one or the other standard – no selective application • Selection of IEC method allowed if special exemption conditions are met for power quality and proximity to equipment sensitive to magnetic fields Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 6

RG 1. 180 Susceptibility testing • MIL-STD-461 E • • IEC 61000 -4 • • • CS 101 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150 k. Hz CS 114 Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10 k. Hz to 30 MHz CS 115 Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation CS 116 Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 k. Hz to 100 MHz RS 101 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 k. Hz RS 103 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz 61000 -4 -4 Conducted susceptibility, electrically fast transients/bursts 61000 -4 -5 Conducted susceptibility, surges 61000 -4 -6 Conducted susceptibility, disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields 61000 -4 -12 Conducted susceptibility, 100 k. Hz ring wave 61000 -4 -13 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2. 4 k. Hz 61000 -4 -16 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz to 150 k. Hz 61000 -4 -8 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz 61000 -4 -9 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50 k. Hz 61000 -4 -10 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 k. Hz and 1 MHz 61000 -4 -3 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1 GHz RG 1. 180 calls for applying one or the other standard – no selective application Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 7

RG 1. 180 Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) testing • Ring wave • • • Combination wave • • • IEEE Std C 62. 41 -1991 IEC 61000 -4 -5 Electrically Fast Transients (EFT) • • • IEEE Std C 62. 41 -1991 IEC 61000 -4 -12 IEEE Std C 62. 41 -1991 IEC 61000 -4 -4 IEEE Std C 62. 45 -1992 provides test methods for C 62. 41 Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 8

EPRI TR-102323 R 3 • • Guidelines for Electromagnetic Interference Testing of Power Plant Equipment Revision 3, issued November 2004 • • Revision issued to better conform to standard test methods, investigate CS 114 test levels and provide technical rationale for variance to RG 1. 180 Provides: • • Plant emissions data Practices to ensure EMC Equipment susceptibility and emissions testing guidance Margin analysis of recommended testing limits Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 9

EPRI R 3 Emission testing • Low frequency conducted emissions • • High frequency conducted emissions • • CE 102 IEC 61000 -6 -4 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Low frequency radiated emissions • • CE 101 RE 101 High frequency radiated emissions • • • RE 102 IEC 61000 -6 -4 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 10

EPRI R 3 Susceptibility testing • Low frequency conducted • • • High frequency conducted • • • CS 116 IEC 61000 -4 -5 and IEC 61000 -4 -12 or IEEE C 62. 41 -1991 Electrically Fast Transient (EFT) • • • RS 103 IEC 61000 -4 -3 Surge • • RS 101 IEC 61000 -4 -8, IEC 61000 -4 -9 and IEC 61000 -4 -10 High frequency radiated • • CS 114 IEC 61000 -4 -6 Low frequency radiated • • MIL-STD-461 E CS 101 IEC 61000 -4 -13 & IEC 61000 -4 -16 CS 115 IEC 61000 -4 -4 or IEEE C 62. 41 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) • IEC 61000 -4 -2 Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 11

Low frequency conducted emissions • • CE 101, 30 Hz – 10 k. Hz (AC start frequency = 2 nd harmonic) Exempt equipment from test if • • Measurement in current terms Limit relaxation allowed for high current AC power • • Power quality requirements are consistent with existing power supply and design practices include power quality controls New equipment will not impose additional harmonic distortion exceeding 5% THD or other power quality criteria with a valid technical basis EPRI does not limit relaxation to AC RG 1. 180 & EPRI R 3 testing the same – limits are different Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 12

High frequency conducted emissions • RG 1. 180 • • CE 102, 10 k. Hz to 2 MHz CISPR 11, 150 k. Hz to 30 MHz (if CE 101 is exempt) Measurement in voltage terms EPRI R 3 • • • CE 102, 10 k. Hz to 10 MHz CISPR 11, 150 k. Hz to 30 MHz Measurement in current terms (voltage to current based on 50 W) Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 13

Low frequency radiated emissions • • • RE 101, 30 Hz – 100 k. Hz Applicable to enclosures and interconnecting leads Exempt equipment from test if • • RG 1. 180 - Equipment is not installed in areas with equipment sensitive to magnetic fields – distance not specified EPRI R 3 – Applicable to new equipment that is a source of large magnetic fields (>300 A/m) installed <1 m from sensitive equipment EPRI R 3 - Equipment and cable separation of EMI limiting requirements are not satisfied Measurement in flux density terms RG 1. 180 & EPRI R 3 testing the same – limits are different Testing performed with loop antenna moved over equipment face and cables maintaining 7 cm separation If non-compliant a determination of the distance for compliant should be accomplished Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 14

High frequency radiated emissions • RG 1. 180 • • • RE 102, 2 MHz to 1 GHz CISPR 11, 30 MHz – 1 GHz EPRI R 3 • • • RE 102, 2 MHz to 10 GHz CISPR 11, 30 MHz to 1 GHz FCC 47 Part 15, 30 MHz to 1 GHz Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 15

High frequency radiated emission limits/testing • • • QP measurements for CISPR and FCC EPRI calls for CIPSR/FCC testing to 5 X highest frequency up to 10 GHz but no limit defined Testing is accomplished with an appropriate antenna located at the specified distance – receiver parameters defined in the test standard Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 16

Low frequency conducted susceptibility • • Purpose is to evaluate performance in the presence of low frequency interference conducted via the power or signal lines MIL-STD-461 E • • CS 101, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150 k. Hz IEC 61000 -4 • • IEC 61000 -4 -13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2. 4 k. Hz IEC 61000 -4 -16, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz to 150 k. Hz Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 17

Low frequency conducted susceptibility limits/testing • CS 101 • • • IEC 61000 -4 -13 • • • Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulate interference Prior to test a maximum drive level is establish with a fixed load The interfering signal is coupled to the power input and the amplitude increased to the test voltage without exceeding the maximum drive level The test frequency range is swept at a defined rate RG 1. 180 and EPRI have the same limit although EPRI is specified in current terms Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulate interference Coupling is typically by use of a programmable power source that is programmed for the specific test frequencies and amplitude RG 1. 180 provides a test limit table for harmonic frequencies correlated to Class 2 of the standard omitting the inter-harmonic testing EPRI calls for Class 2 testing implying that the inter-harmonic testing of the test standard is applicable The limit chart in EPRI R 3 is inadequate to determine the test levels so the test standard is preferred IEC 61000 -4 -16 • • Low frequency sinusoidal signals are coupled to the power and signal lines (capacitively coupled or direct injection) IEC 61000 -4 -13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2. 4 k. Hz Level 3 is called out by both RG 1. 180 and EPRI R 3 – however the test level curves are not the same EPRI R 3 does not specify the short duration high level test. Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 18

High frequency conducted susceptibility • • Purpose is to evaluate performance in the presence of RF signals inducing currents into the equipment via the cables MIL-STD-461 E • • CS 114, Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10 k. Hz to 30 MHz IEC 61000 -4 • IEC 61000 -4 -6, Conducted susceptibility, 150 k. Hz to 80 MHz, disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 19

RG 1. 180, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits • Two IEC 61000 -4 -6 limits are provided • • 140 d. Bm. V (10 Vrms) for power and medium exposure signal lines (96. 5 d. Bm. A) 130 d. Bm. V (3 Vrms) for low exposure signal lines (86. 5 d. Bm. A) Frequency range is not defined so the 150 k. Hz to 80 MHz range from the test standard is normally assumed A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 20

EPRI R 3, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits • • • CS 114 testing between 30 MHz and 200 MHz may be exempted if RS 103 is accomplished EPRI states that use of the Army Ground Applications test level is acceptable but the limit is shown incorrectly – which applies A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 21

Electrically Fast Transients/Bursts (EFT) • RG 1. 180 • • • CS 115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation IEC 61000 -4 -4, Electrically Fast Transient/Bursts Applicability to signal lines Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing – allows use of C 62. 41 -1991 EPRI R 3 • • Same tests as RG 1. 180 but different levels and applicable to power and signal CS 115 is listed but the limit is not stated – 5 A is implied under the listing of differences between ERPI R 3 and RG 1. 180 Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 22

EFT limits/testing • CS 115 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load test fixture then interference is applied that drive level • • IEC 61000 -4 -4 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit • • • RG 1. 180 – 2 A EPRI R 3 – 5 A Interference is coupled inductively – current injection RG 1. 180 – 1 k. V (low exposure), 2 k. V (medium exposure) for signal lines RG 1, 180 – 2 k. V (low exposure), 4 k. V (medium exposure) for power lines (SWC) EPRI R 3 – 2 k. V power lines; 1 k. V signal lines (2 k. V for lines that connect to unsuppressed inductive loads) Interference is coupled capacitively – voltage injection Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed although both test standards have provisions for testing Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 23

Surge • RG 1. 180 • • • EPRI R 3 • • • CS 116, Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 k. Hz to 100 MHz or IEC 61000 -4 -5, Surge immunity test (combination wave) and IEC 61000 -4 -12, Oscillatory waves immunity test Applicability to signal lines Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing – allows use of C 62. 41 -1991 Same tests as RG 1. 180 but different levels and applicable to power and signal RG 1. 180 defines 4 -12 test as ring wave and EPRI R 3 provides for a repetition frequency for the oscillating wave CS 116 is listed but the not recommended Oscillating wave specified rise time; Damped Oscillatory vs. Ring Wave Test duration • • CS 116 calls for duration and pulse repetition rate 4 -5 combination wave test uses a number of repetitions 4 -12 ring wave test uses a number of repetitions 4 -12 oscillating wave uses a repetition frequency and duration Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 24

Surge limits/testing • CS 116 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load test fixture then interference is applied as lesser of test current or drive level • • IEC 61000 -4 -5 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (current limiting is applicable) • • • RG 1. 180 – 1 k. V (low exposure), 2 k. V (medium exposure) for signal lines RG 1, 180 – 2 k. V (low exposure), 4 k. V (medium exposure), 6 k. V (external) for power lines (SWC) EPRI R 3 – 2 k. V secondary power lines; 4 k. V primary power lines; 2 k. V signal line shields and remote grounds Interference is coupled capacitively – voltage injection IEC 61000 -4 -12 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (current limiting is applicable) • • • RG 1. 180 – 5 A EPRI R 3 – no limit stated (allows but does not recommend CS 116) Interference is coupled inductively – current injection RG 1. 180 – 1 k. V (low exposure), 2 k. V (medium exposure) for signal lines RG 1, 180 – 2 k. V (low exposure), 4 k. V (medium exposure) for power lines (SWC) EPRI R 3 – 2 k. V secondary power lines; 4 k. V primary power lines; 2 k. V signal line shields and remote grounds Interference is coupled capacitively – voltage injection Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed although both test standards have provisions for testing Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 25

Low frequency radiated susceptibility (magnetic field) • Exempt test if equipment is not near sources of large magnetic fields and limiting practices are used • • • RG 1. 180 indicates CRTs, motors, high current cables as large sources EPRI R 3 indicates <1 -m from >300 A/m sources Test methods: • • RS 101, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 k. Hz IEC 61000 -4 -8, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz IEC 61000 -4 -9, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50 k. Hz IEC 61000 -4 -10, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 k. Hz and 1 MHz • IEC 61000 -4 -10 has additional limiting applicability to high current switching sources (bus bar switching) in EPRI R 3 Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 26

Low frequency radiated susceptibility limits/testing • RS 101 • • IEC 61000 -4 -8 • • • RG 1. 180 and EPRI R 3 indicate a frequency range for the test but standard is based on a pulse Pulse 6. 4/16 m. S, 300 A/m (172 d. Bp. T) IEC 61000 -4 -10 • • • 50 or 60 Hz sine wave, 30 A/m (152 d. Bp. T) continuous (300 A/m (172 d. Bp. T) short duration) IEC 61000 -4 -9 • • MIL-STD-461 E Army limit (flux density terms) Damped oscillatory wave 100 k. Hz (40 Hz repetition) and 1 MHz (400 Hz repetition) Test level is 30 A/m (152 d. Bp. T) Testing is performed with an induction coil adjacent to test article or coil surrounding the test article depending on test Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 27

High frequency radiated susceptibility (electric field) • MIL-STD-461 E, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz (10 GHz EPRI) • • IEC 61000 -4 -3, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1 GHz • • Modulation with a 1 k. Hz square wave Modulation with a 1 k. Hz sine wave RG 1. 180 and EPRI R 3 call for the same tests and levels • • • EPRI adds testing for RS 103 in the 10 k. Hz to 30 MHz frequency range if CS 114 is not performed EPRI supports deletion of 30 MHz to 80 MHz if IEC 61000 -4 -6 testing is performed EPRI calls for testing above 1 GHz for evaluation of wireless device interference Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 28

High frequency radiated susceptibility limits/testing • • • RG 1. 180 and EPRI specify 10 V/m test levels Test frequency range based on test method and other testing as stated previously Modulation is not consistent between standards Testing at frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz is becoming the normal Testing is accomplished with a radiating antenna producing the test field • • MIL-STD-461 E testing calls for use of field probe to measure test level during test IEC 61000 -4 -3 testing supports testing with a uniform field calibrated prior to test Use of an anechoic shielded enclosure is standard Antenna placement may be varied to broaden the beamwidth coverage but test article must see exposure Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 29

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) • • Not specified in RG 1. 180 Optional in EPRI R 3 • • • IEC 61000 -4 -2 is the test standard Level 4 testing (8 k. V contact; 15 k. V air) Test points selected based on accessibility Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 30

Tailoring testing • Understand the test article use and installation to assess applicable tests • • Items not exposed to high magnetic fields are exempt for the associated susceptibility tests Look as the applicability tables in the standards • • Why tailor? • • Required – indicates test is always applicable Evaluate – determine applicability based on use and criticality Optional – used when impact is minimal or control measure negate the need Cost and schedule drivers Testing cost is somewhat elevated by performing unnecessary tests Recurring cost to add unnecessary control measures may be significant Installation practices may be a significant cost driver to provide unnecessary control measures Not advocate of deleting tests – operational down-time from EMI is an on-going cost that specifying control measures can mitigate Test planning should consider the application instead of blindly calling for doing all potential tests Wide usage equipment may elect to do all testing for all standards Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 31

Acceptance criteria • • • Acceptance criteria provided earlier is not supported by RG 1. 180 or EPRI R 3 SWC testing of RG 1. 180 specifies that performance criteria be established in the test plan Open door testing is frequently called on for equipment that must operate during maintenance – test planning should consider acceptance with closed doors if reasonable Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 32

Threshold measurements • Threshold measurements provide data on the amplitude and frequency of interference that produces susceptibility • • Threshold measurements • • • This is the lowest level that produces unacceptable results Frequency ranges of susceptibility need to be identified Test procedure needs to identify measurements of susceptibility Reduce interference level for test article recovery Reduce an additional 6 d. B Increase amplitude to point of susceptibility Record that measurement Why? • • Absence of information makes acceptance of a deviation nearly impossible Solutions need the data to support design Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 33

Contact • Contact: Steve Ferguson: stevef@wll. com Washington Laboratories, Ltd. 7560 Lindbergh Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20879 301/216 -1500: fax: 301/216 -1590 www. wll. com Copyright 2011; Washington Laboratories, Ltd | http: //www. wll. com 34