Electric Cars By Vahid Akhavan What are they

Electric Cars By: Vahid Akhavan

What are they? • Electric Vehicle • Hybrid Gas/Electric Vehicle • Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

New Technology? • • 1834, First EV by Thomas Davenport 1874, First Rechargeable EV 1894, Morris and Salom’s Electrobat 1898 -1902, Electric cars held the land speed record 2 • 1900, 38% of 4200 automobiles sold in US were EVs (22% ICV, and 40% Steam) • 1911, Kettering Invented the starter

New Life • 1976, EV Research, Development and Demonstration Act • 1990, GE Introduces the Impact • 2001, Mass Production of Reva (65 km/h, 80 km, $5000 MSRP) • 2003, Tzero Introduced 0 -60 mph in 3. 6 seconds 280 -300 miles, $220 k 3

Batteries • Pb-Acid battery: Cheap, Mature Technology – (1860), Vcell = 2 V, Esp = 35 Wh/kg, Psp = 200 W/kg • Nickel based: Proven Technology, Good Performance – (1920), Ni-Cd, Vcell = 1. 2 V, Esp = 56 Wh/kg, Psp = 225 W/kg – (1930), Ni-Zn, Vcell = 1. 6 V, Esp = 60 Wh/kg, Psp = 300 W/kg – (1992), Ni-MH, Vcell = 1. 2 V, Esp = 65 Wh/kg, Psp = 200 W/kg • Metal/Air: Inexhaustible Positive Electrode – Zn/Air, Vcell = 1. 2 V, Esp = 180 Wh/kg, Psp = 95 W/kg – Al/Air, Vcell = 1. 4 V, Esp = 250 Wh/kg, Psp = 7 W/kg • Sodium-ß: High Top, Great Preformance – Na/S, Vcell = 2 V, Esp = 100 Wh/kg, Psp = 200 W/kg – Na/Ni. Cl 2, Vcell = 2. 5 V, Esp = 86 Wh/kg, Psp = 150 W/kg • Lithium Based: Easily Recharged, Light, Expensive – Li-Polymer, Vcell = 3 V, Esp = 155 Wh/kg, Psp = 315 W/kg – (1991), Li-Ion, Vcell = 4 V, Esp = 120 Wh/kg, Psp = 260 W/kg

Environmental Cure? • High Pollution Electric Power Generation • Battery Recycle • Not Popular – Reliability – Size of Battery

Costs • Battery costs $120 -1200/k. Wh • Limiting the size of the battery • Leads to two ideas – Gas/Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Prius 1. 3 k. Wh) – Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (≈ 9 k. Wh)

Hybrid Setup

Current Hybrid Plug-in hybrid Miles per gallon improvement: 21% 56% Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) reduction: 21% 40% Nitric oxide (smog contributor) reduction: 10% 32% $2, 500 $4, 500 18% 32% Miles per gallon improvement: 31% 60% Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) reduction: 31% 46% Nitric oxide (smog contributor) reduction: 19% 37% $4, 000 $6, 400 13% 21% Compact Sedan: Saturn (base cost: $14, 000) Cost gap over non-hybrid is at least: Percentage cost increase over non-hybrid is at least Mid-Size SUV: Explorer (base cost: $31, 000) Cost gap over non-hybrid is at least: Percentage cost increase over non-hybrid is at least 4

Government Involvement • 1976, EV Research, Development and Demonstration Act • 1990, California Air Resources Board Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) – 2% of all vehicles ZEV by 1998 – 10% ZEV by 2003 • HEV Federal Tax Deduction • Participation by City Governments – 50 City Plan >> Plug-in Austin

Plug-in Austin • Non-peak Battery Generation Schedule • Government Purchases of PHEV • Petition Automakers for Commercially Available PHEVs • $6/gal to be Economical

References Cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. www. fueleconomy. gov “Electric Cars in the Victorian Age” http: //home. netcom. com/~jskipper/victoria/200001/electricar. html Lienert, Dan. “The World’s Fastest Electric Car”. Forbes. Oct, 2003 http: //www. forbes. com/lifestyle/collecting/2003/10/21/cx_dl_1021 vow. html “All About conventional and plug-in Hybrids” Cal. Cars’ Vehicles. http: //www. calcars. org/vehicles. html Plug-in Austin. http: //www. pluginaustin. com “Hybrid Vehicle Registrations”. Freedom. CAR & Vehicle Technologies Program. http: //www. eere. energy. gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2004/fcvt_fotw 322. shtml Chan, C. C. Chau, K. T. “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology”. Oxford Science Publications. 2001