Elective Engines Instructors George Crowl Engines Elective Level

Elective – Engines Instructors: George Crowl

Engines Elective Level 2 (Able) Engines Instructors: George Crowl

Course Outline i) Understand the safe and proper procedures for the use of gasoline and diesel inboard engines, including fueling, pre-start checks, ventilation, starting, running, periodic checks while running, securing, post-operative checks, and keeping an engine log. ii) Using the type of engine aboard the vessel you most frequently use, demonstrate your understanding of basic troubleshooting and the preventive maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer.

Engines Level 2 i) i) Understand the safe and proper procedures for the use of gasoline and diesel inboard engines, including fueling, pre-start checks, ventilation, starting, running, periodic checks while running, securing, post-operative checks, and keeping an engine log.

Fueling Preparations May be before pre-start, or after getting underway All flames extinguished Engine and electronics off Close hatches, ports, doors Portable tanks on dock / ground Passengers on shore

Fueling Have absorbent material on hand to mop up fuel spills Insure you are using fuel filler, not water or other filler pipe Maintain contact between fuel nozzle and filler pipe to prevent sparking Listen for sound change as tank fills. Go slowly.

After Fueling Clean up any spills. Dispose of absorbers. Open ports, hatches, doors to ventilate Do a sniff check at bilge level for fumes Blower ventilate gas engine for four minutes

Starting Use starting checklist Open raw water valve Listen during starting for unusual noise Engine should settle to smooth run Insure cooling water being pumped overboard Log start time in engine log

Running Listen to the engine. Investigate strange sounds Check engine instruments regularly. (We know they are hard to see, do it anyway!) Check oil pressure (usually 40 -80 PSI) Check alternator / generator (positive output) Check temperature (under 200° F)

Shutting Down Follow the checklist Most people believe it is better to close the raw water valve about 10 seconds before shutting the engine down. This blows the water out of the manifold. May not need to close raw water valve for short shutdowns Log shutdown time. Log total engine time for oil changes, etc.

Engines Level 2 ii) Using the type of engine aboard the vessel you most frequently use, demonstrate your understanding of basic troubleshooting and the preventive maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer.

Troubleshooting – Inboard Engine won't start Won't turn over – battery dead? Battery cables corroded? Disconnected? Starter motor relay failed? Ignition switch failure? Turns over weakly – battery weak? Cables corroded? Turns over fine, won't start – defective fuel pump? Fuel filter(s) clogged? Spark plugs? Diesel injectors clogged?

Troubleshooting – Inboard (2) Runs, then stops – check fuel level? Boat heeling or pitching? Needs fuel? Runs rough – electrical harness tight? Spark plugs cleaned and gapped? Carburetor dirty? Overheating – temperature above about 190° - Faulty thermostat? Water pump failing? Water hose leaking?

Inboard Engine – PM Engine oil change (interval ? ) Transmission oil change (interval? ) Fuel filter change (interval? ) (how many? ) Air filter change (interval? ) Spark plugs – gas (interval? ) Diesel injectors (interval? )

Troubleshooting – Outboard Starting difficulties Fuel tank full Primer bulb pumped hard Gear shift in neutral Kill switch set Throttle positioned to start Starter rope tight, pulled hard

Troubleshooting – Outboard (2) Engine does not start – other Old fuel (30 days +) – fill with new fuel Kill switch engaged – disengage Kill switch clip not inserted – insert, or remove and re-insert Spark plugs or ignition – new plugs, check ignition system

Troubleshooting – Outboard (3) Overheating Check water coming out of motor Check water intake clear Check water pump impeller Excessive vibration Check propeller attached tightly Check isolation mounts – tighten or replace Propeller not turning properly Check prop or shaft for debris

Troubleshooting – Outboards (4) Engine won't stay running Check fuel system Check fuel filter – clean Check carburator – clean Check air filter – clean Check throttle friction – enough to hold Make sure you are using the correct fuel Gas / oil mix for 2 -cycle Straight gas for 4 -cycle, check oil level

Outboard Engine – PM Engine oil ratio (2 -stroke) Engine oil change interval (4 -stroke) Oil filter change (4 -stroke) (interval? ) Transmission oil change (interval? ) Air filter change (interval? ) Spark plug change (gas)

Questions?

Engines Elective Level 3 (Quartermaster) Engines Instructors: George Crowl

Course Outline Engines: i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type. ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for internal combustion engines used aboard small vessels. iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used by your ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and electrical systems, and their component parts.

Engines Level 3 i) i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type.

Let's Organize Several different basic types of engines Reciprocating – gasoline, diesel, like car Turbine – spins in one direction all the time, like a jet engine Electric motors – driven by something else, like a train engine Nuclear – heat drives a turbine

Reciprocating Gasoline 4 -stroke (old inboards, newer outboards) 2 -stroke (old outboards) Diesel 4 -stroke Direct reversing Diesel-electric

Gasoline 4 -stroke Like the engine in your car Spark plug Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Gasoline 4 -stroke (2) Animated version

Gasoline 2 -stroke Compression and power stroke are similar Intake and exhaust are done simultaneously at the bottom of the stroke, less efficient Requires oil / gas mixture, engine no longer made

Diesel 4 -stroke Main differences – higher compression, squirt fuel into cylinder (injector), no spark plug Better fuel economy, less fire danger

Direct Reversing Diesel The engine is stopped Various adjustments (such as moving the cam shaft) are made so the engine will run properly in the other direction The engine is started in the other direction, often by a compressed air charge Advantage – no need for a transmission Major disadvantage – it might not start in the other direction

Reciprocating Steam Very first steam engines, first ship engines No longer in use Steam released into the pistons, drove the wheel, which drove either the paddle wheel or the propeller

Turbines Several kinds – steam, gas, Several uses – generate electricity, geared down direct drive

Steam Turbine - Oldest Have to have a boiler producing high pressure steam (was coal-fired) Release steam into front of turbine Steam expansion drives turbine very fast Gear down the speed to turn the propeller Requires gear box forward and reverse “Turbina” was first turbine ship, and fastest of its day

Electric Drives Electric motors are very useful and flexible They draw current only when they are working They can actually generate current when they are braking They are almost instantly reversible They are mechanically linked to the propeller, but nothing else They have to have a source of power, but many are available – diesel, steam,

Electric Drive (2) On board ship, power plant drives alternator or generator Electricity then drives the propulsion motors

Diesel-Electric Diesel engine turns shaft Shaft turns generator to produce electricity Electricity powers motor to turn propeller

Turboelectric The power plant is a steam or gas turbine Linked to the high RPM output of the turbine is an electric generator The generator provides electrical power for ship's motors and for other ship electrical needs

Gas Turbine Uses air instead of steam Fueled by petroleum product or hot gasses from an exhaust Similar to a jet engine Can run using low grade bunker fuel

Nuclear fuel heats high pressure water, which creates steam Steam turns turbines to generate electricity Electricity runs propulsion motor

Advantages / Disavantages Gasoline – OK for small boats, especially outboards, most dangerous fuel, requires transmission forward / reverse Diesel – safe, fuel efficient, less dangerous fuel, requires transmission Direct reversing diesel – requires no transmission, engine more complex, engine may not restart

Advantages / Disadvantages (2) Diesel-electric – high efficiency, no transmission, better propeller efficiency, high reliability, more payload (smaller equipment) Steam turbine – no longer in use Gas turbine – highly reliable, light weight, responsive, significantly more expensive to run Nuclear – great for submarines and aircraft carriers, no emissions, very expensive, not

Engines Level 3 ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for internal combustion engines used aboard small vessels.

Comparison “Apples-to-apples” – 4 -stroke marine engines Both have 4 -stroke reciprocating engines Gasoline are usually lighter, can turn faster Fuel is less expensive, burn more of it Engine maintenance is usually less expensive Diesels are usually heavier, have better torque Fuel cost per mile is usually less

Spark Ignition Gasoline & other fuels Moderate compression (5: 1 > 8: 1) Spark sets off explosion in cylinder Spark plug is key Needs electricity, right spark gap

Compression Ignition Diesel fuel High compression (16: 1 > 24: 1) Fuel is injected into very hot mixture, explodes No spark plug Very reliable Injectors do need occasional maintenance

Engines Level 3 iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used by your ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and electrical systems, and their component parts.

Your Engine, Your Boat The requirement is to discuss your engine, and your boat Someone in your ship may change the following presentation to reflect what is in your ship The following is build around a nominal 30 foot diesel-powered sloop Principles should apply to many vessels Details will be different for nearly every vessel

Principles of Operation 4 -cycle Diesel engine, as described above Fuel is Diesel, a heavy, less volatile fuel A transmission is behind the engine, with forward and reverse gears, gear shift in cockpit Engine is connected to the prop shaft through the transmission Propeller has fixed pitch blades

Engine Lubrication Requires oil compatible with Diesel engines Depending on the age of the engine, the code will begin with a C (such as CC) and may be CJ The thickness of the oil will usually be SAE 30, but may vary by engine and climate or season Check oil dipstick, should be between two marks Add oil if needed at oil cap on top of engine

Lubricating Diagram

Cooling System Engines need to be cooled Car engines are closed cycle, cooled by radiator Boat engines are different Two major kinds, open and closed cycle Open cycle uses raw water, closed uses raw water to cool ethylene glycol

Cooling System (2) Both require a water pump Requires occassional change because it wears out easily Both systems usually mix exhaust with raw water to cool exhaust Important to check water coming out exhaust, proves water pump is working Many recommend replacement annually or biannually

Electrical System TWO electrical systems AC electric (110 V) – from dock box DC electric (12 V) – from motor generator On most pleasure boats, completely separate systems

AC Electrical System 110 V, on the dock, circuit breaker protected 30 amp or 50 amp circuits, different connectors Heavy duty cables run to boat receptacle May have additional boat circuit breakers / panel AC appliances – lights, microwave, toaster, TV, air conditioner, etc. , used in port Often cannot run all AC appliances at once,

DC Electrical System 12 V power from 2 -4 batteries in parallel 12 V power from engine driven generator to provide power and recharge batteries Controlled by main power switch OFF – 1 – BOTH – 2 Circuit breakers protect each sub-system

DC Electrical System (2) Power provided to – Nav lights, cabin lights Engine starter motor, ignition system (if required), fuel pump Bilge pump(s) Instruments, radio, depth sounder, GPS, chartplotter Inverter, etc.

Engines Level 3 iv) Demonstrate your ability to locate and correct minor engine troubles according to the engine manufacturer's troubleshooting guide.

Troubleshooting Get and use the manufacturer's troubleshooting guide Refer to the Elective – Engines Level 2 lesson plan and Power. Point for general hints on troubleshooting

Questions?