Election Revolution of 1800 Background Impact n n

Election (Revolution) of 1800

Background & Impact n n n Marked the first time power peacefully passed from one political party to another Each party believed the republic’s survival depended upon the success of their candidate and party Campaign was public and was vicious--full of wild accusations and scandalous stories

If _____ wins then… Jefferson n n we might be dragged into the violence & chaos of the French Revolution. He might destroy organized religion because of his interest in science & philosophy—and his belief in separation of church and state. Adams n n n He will crown himself king, just look at the Alien & Sedition Acts as evidence. He would take away civil rights. He would impose higher & more burdensome taxes.

ELECTION OF 1800

Results: n Election ended in a tie – Jefferson & Burr tie goes to House of Rep. n House was deadlocked until Alexander Hamilton urged Federalists to vote for Jefferson (he hated Burr!), costing Burr the election n Took 36 votes but Jefferson eventually became the 3 rd POTUS. n n Congress fixed this with the 12 th Amendment--stating that must cast separate ballots for Pres. & VP Hamilton & Burr will duel (1804) electors

Power Changes Hands n n n Federalists Wanted a strong central government. Thought country should be ruled by wealthy & elite Emphasized big picture & manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution Supporter of Great Britain n n Dem-Rep limited power to the national government More power to states and local government Believed country should be agrarian and ruled by ordinary citizens Strict interpretation of the Constitution Supporter of France

Jeffersonian Democracy n Republican Vision for America in his inaugural address: n n Call for nationhood and unity Agrarianism Limited government Simpler; selfsufficient America

Westward Migration n n Treaty of Ft. Stanwix – Iroquois gave up western land to NY & Penn. Trend continues into Ohio River Valley. Launches migration of Americans into western territory. Migration & land claim extends west into Kentucky, Virginia, Indiana Alabama, & Mississippi.

Jefferson & the Courts n John Adams passed Judiciary Act 1801 before leaving office: Created 16 new judgeships (justices of the peace). n Adams Midnight Appointments – done in order to secure Federalist control of at least the judicial branch. n Madison, new Sec. of State, refused to deliver the commission to William Marbury. n

Marbury v. Madison: Background n n n William Marbury wanted a “writ of mandamus, ” or supreme court order, (Jud. Act 1789) issued to force Madison to give him his appointment. Commission was ratified by the Senate & signed, sealed, just not delivered. Madison & Jefferson saw it as a plan by the Federalists to control the gov. , even while out of power.

Marbury VS. Madison - Did Marbury have a right to the commission? - Should the Supreme Court issue a writ of mandamus? (Do they have the right to fix this? ) In other words, was the Judiciary Act of 1789 correct in giving the SC this power? ?

Did Marbury have a right to the commission? Marshall decided that: n An appointment is effective once a commission has been signed and sealed. Marbury had been legally appointed Madison’s refusal to deliver the commission violated Marbury’s rights. n Therefore

Is asking the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus the correct legal remedy? Marshall declared that: n The court cannot issue the writ because the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the Supreme Court the right to do so jurisdiction was unconstitutional. There is nothing in the Constitution that suggests the judicial branch/SC should have the authority of “original jurisidiction” (cases were to originate elsewhere—SC could not issue a writ).

Marbury v. Madison: Results Marshall scolded Madison & Jefferson stating that the president is not above the law. n Marshall denied the writ on the basis that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. n Marshall stated that the Constitution explained the SC court’s jurisdiction - only as appellate (appeals) court. n Marshall essentially told Marbury he was in the right, but in the wrong court. n

The Impact of Marbury v. Madison n n The Supreme Court of the United States has the power to review acts/laws that are passed by other branches to determine their constitutionality. Thus the courts now have the power of: JUDICIAL REVIEW

Louisiana Purchase n n Jefferson wanted the US to control New Orleans and the Mississippi River n Believed it was vital to American commerce 1802 Spanish closed the lower Mississippi (New Orleans) n Soon turned it over to the French Jefferson, wanting to protect American trade: n Sent Robert Livingston to Paris to negotiate with Talleyrand to purchase New Orleans n Sent James Monroe to Britain looking for assistance in case of war with France Livingstone & Monroe shocked when all of the Louisiana Purchase territory was offered.

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson & The Constitutional Issue Strict constructionalist n Eventually decided it was the within the president’s implicit power to make treaties and acquire territory—bought the territory for $15 million ($450 million today). Doubled the size of the U. S. n Congress quickly approved it n Lewis & Clark Meriwether Lewis & William Clark n Two year expedition n Reach the Pacific & back n Met Sacagawea n

Lewis & Clark at Three Forks