Ekonomi dan Lingkungan Hidup MK Ekonomi Regional Dept

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Ekonomi dan Lingkungan Hidup MK Ekonomi Regional Dept. Geografi FMIPA UI

Ekonomi dan Lingkungan Hidup MK Ekonomi Regional Dept. Geografi FMIPA UI

Apa itu PEMBANGUNAN ? • • Penyediaan materi kesejahteraan Kualitas Hidup Terminologi Penjelasan dan

Apa itu PEMBANGUNAN ? • • Penyediaan materi kesejahteraan Kualitas Hidup Terminologi Penjelasan dan elemen Spatial Model-Model Pembangunan • Core-periphery • Growth poles – spread and backwash effects – circular and cumulative causation • Stages of Growth (Rostow) – preconditions for growth – takeoff – drive to maturity – age of mass consumption ‡ post-industrial ‡ Enterpreneur dan Schumpeter ‡ Teori Pembangunan Baru Ukuran PEMBANGUNAN • Ekonomi – GDP, GNP, dll – Teknologi – Input Sumberdaya utk produksi – Distribusi sektoral • Non-ekonomi – Sistem politik/ gejolak politik – Edukasi – Infrastruktur – Kesehatan dan gizi Policy Issues • Domestic versus international development trade-offs • Growth versus equity versus environment

MODEL INTERAKSI MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP environment Impact on people Human Activity resources ECONOMY

MODEL INTERAKSI MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP environment Impact on people Human Activity resources ECONOMY PEOPLE Waste, pollution, and dissipative use Ecosystem Encroachment Ecosystem services Encroachment: to take more than is right, usual, or acceptable

Tekanan terhadap Ekosistem Human subsystem labor Population subsystem Environmental compartment Pollution Economic subsystem Goods

Tekanan terhadap Ekosistem Human subsystem labor Population subsystem Environmental compartment Pollution Economic subsystem Goods & services Environmental subsystem PRESSURE Resource Depletion Natural Feedbacks RESPONSE Societal Response Human System Feedback impacts STATE Ecosystem impacts

What is Economic Development? • Economic Development: Improving the economic productivity (as measured in

What is Economic Development? • Economic Development: Improving the economic productivity (as measured in money) of a nation. • Questions: (absolute or per capita? ) (How is wealth distributed? )

An Oil Spill in Mexico Good for the Economy? You betcha. Where best: U.

An Oil Spill in Mexico Good for the Economy? You betcha. Where best: U. S. , Mexico, or Ecuador?

A wildfire in Laguna Beach Do you think these people are hoping their homes

A wildfire in Laguna Beach Do you think these people are hoping their homes will burn down To help boost the local economy?

Critical trend Proximate trend Environmental degradation and resource depletion Increasing Income disparity Population size

Critical trend Proximate trend Environmental degradation and resource depletion Increasing Income disparity Population size and growth Economic volume and pattern Governance Ultimate trend Values, desires and aspirations Human Needs Poverty and Marginalization Technological choice Environmental quality Structure of Power Knowledge and Understanding Long Term Ecological Processes A New Dichotomy: Economic vs Ecological Sustainable Where are we? Is growth sustainable? Where to? Paranoia to Partnership

This area is devoted to the study of whole systems. Nature is a whole

This area is devoted to the study of whole systems. Nature is a whole system. But also an economy, a family, a company, a community, or many other things, can be looked at as whole systems. A whole system view would include all the factors involved and examine how they relate to each other and how they work as a whole. To deal with a whole system we can't leave anything out as irrelevant. Intuition is as important as rationality, we must address both scientific and artistic approaches, both material and spiritual needs, the small as well as the big, what we feel as well as what we think, what we perceive as well as what we imagine. Whole systems are dynamic, they change they move, they develop. Frozen pictures of how things are supposed to be might do us no good, we need to deal with the live systems, whichever surprising directions that might take us in. There is no one authority in the field of whole systems. Luckily nobody has monopolized it by putting it into a standard curriculum defining what it IS. So, we all have the opportunity to discover together what whole systems are about.

Kondisi Krisis Ekologi dan Pembangunan B e r b a s i s R

Kondisi Krisis Ekologi dan Pembangunan B e r b a s i s R e g i o n a l Tidak Layak untuk melanjutkan kegiatan pembangunan Krisis Ekologi Layak untuk melanjutkan kegiatan pembangunan A k t i f i t a s P e m b a n g u n a n Kondisi Pembangunan mengarah kritis perlu perlakuan khusus Ambang batas Tingkat Pembangunan Jabodetabekjur Kondisi Pembangunan sudah kritis Kegiatan Pembangu Utama perlu dibekukan/ dihentikan Tingkat Pembangunan Jabodetabekjur Kondisi pembangunan yg aman perlu/ dapat dipertahankan kelangusngan nya Tingkat Pembangunan Jabodetabekjur Ambang batas A k t i f i t a s M a s y a r a k a t Waktu

Kondisi Krisis Ekologi dan Pembangunan gud ang Hutan Sawah/ tegalan Perumahan T 0 Commercial

Kondisi Krisis Ekologi dan Pembangunan gud ang Hutan Sawah/ tegalan Perumahan T 0 Commercial Area Pelab uhan tn Hutan t 0 gud ang Perumahan Housing allocation gud ang Pelab uhan Commercial Area gud ang Sawah/ tegalan Tn

Sum of CA Index CA Dev 2 Index CA Dev 1 Index Dev. Aspect

Sum of CA Index CA Dev 2 Index CA Dev 1 Index Dev. Aspect Infrastructure Main Dev. Aspect Class. 1 Class. 2 End users / consumers Water Supply Road Dev. Aspect Livelihood Housing Water installation Houses Street forestry fishery cement seed wood fertilizer iron irrigation agriculture storage Rice field (extension) store sand Sand mining gud ang Hutan Housing allocation Commercial Area Pelab uhan Jalan lingkungan Jalan kabupaten Jalan propinsi Rice field CA/SEA sungai irigasi

T 0 Mental Model Pembangunan rumah Pembangunan jalan t Tn 0 Logical Framework ASPEK

T 0 Mental Model Pembangunan rumah Pembangunan jalan t Tn 0 Logical Framework ASPEK LINGKUNGAN Penduduk EKOLOGI ASPEK PEMBANGUNAN Tanah/Lahan INFRASTRUKTUR SARANA • Perumahan • Jalan/ transportasi • Fasilitas Umum a. Pembuangan Limbah b. Konstruksi pertahanan pantai PRASARANA • Air Bersih Lahan Ekonomi • Energi (Listrik) • Telekomunikasi MATA PENCAHARIAN PRIMER • Pertanian • Kehutanan • Perikanan • Pertambangan SEKUNDER • Manufaktur TERSIER • Perdagangan • Jasa Udara NON EKOLOGI Air Ekonomi Sosial Politik

Pendekatan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dan peran Kelembagaan sebagai “Driver” Sustainable Development: Development that meets the

Pendekatan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dan peran Kelembagaan sebagai “Driver” Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (“Our Common Future”, the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1997)

Economic: the production of goods and services Social : the maintenance and enhancement of

Economic: the production of goods and services Social : the maintenance and enhancement of the quality of life Environmental: the conservation and prudent management of natural resources • Poverty reduction • Corporate responsibility and accountability • Market economy ECONOMIC Perspectives SOCIAL Perspectives • Human Rights • Peace and human security • Gender equality • Cultural diversity & intercultural understanding • Health • HIV/AIDS • Governance • Natural resources (water, energy, agriculture, biodiversity) • Climate Change • Rural Development • Sustainable urbanization • Disaster prevention and mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL Perspectives Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (“Our Common Future”, the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1997)

KLHS adalah generasi ke dua; generasi terakhir adalah SA (Sustainability Appraisal)

KLHS adalah generasi ke dua; generasi terakhir adalah SA (Sustainability Appraisal)

Policy Planning Program

Policy Planning Program

Perlu adanya Intervensi Kebijakan untuk mengurangi Dampak Negatif Pembangunan Critical Pressure Points of Natural

Perlu adanya Intervensi Kebijakan untuk mengurangi Dampak Negatif Pembangunan Critical Pressure Points of Natural Resources aspect (physical Environment) Critical Pressure Points on Social. Economic aspects guna n a b em np ta Kegia atan Kegi unan dan ng kat a b m pe asyara m Tertiary at yarak s a m n n da ? ? Secondary Primary Sebelum Bencana Gempa dan Tsunami Masa Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Terjadinya Bencana Gempa dan Tsunami serta Masa Gawat Darurat Masa setelah Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi

Kegiatan Ekonomi, Lingkungan Hidup dan Penataan Ruang (Kasus Perubahan Iklim)

Kegiatan Ekonomi, Lingkungan Hidup dan Penataan Ruang (Kasus Perubahan Iklim)

SPACE VALUE ? perencanaan wilayah Spatial Imagination Values Cognitive Space Affective Space Conative Spatial

SPACE VALUE ? perencanaan wilayah Spatial Imagination Values Cognitive Space Affective Space Conative Spatial Behavior Cognitive Psychologi cal transforma tion Affective Conative Practices Spatial arrangement / Tata Ruang

Cognitive Space Affective Space Spatial Attributes Sense of Place Spatial Behavior Positive Approach Physical

Cognitive Space Affective Space Spatial Attributes Sense of Place Spatial Behavior Positive Approach Physical Landscape Cultural Landscape Spatial Arrangement Regional Planning Process Relative Approach

Contoh Simplifikasi Model Kajian Integrasi Pembangunan dan LH (KLHS – Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis)

Contoh Simplifikasi Model Kajian Integrasi Pembangunan dan LH (KLHS – Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis) Sistem Lingkungan Hidup Kejadian ekstrim (bencana) Perubahan pada emisi dan tutupan lahan Tekanan Ekonomi Perubahan pada pola produksi dan konsumsi KEBIJAKAN Mitigasi Adaptasi Kerentanan Tekanan LH Naiknya permukaan air laut Ketersediaan SD Air, udara dan tanah berkualitas Perubahan pada SD Air, Tanah, Permodalan, Ketenagkerjaan, dan produktifitas Dampak pd Ekonomi Dampak pd LH Perubahan Iklim dan Variasinya Sistem Ekonomi

Advantages dan Disadvantages; Global Warming – Climate Change Advantages Disadvantages • Menguntungan jenis pertanian

Advantages dan Disadvantages; Global Warming – Climate Change Advantages Disadvantages • Menguntungan jenis pertanian yang butuh hari • Merugikan jenis pertanian yang butuh banyak hujan sedikit atau intensitas panas lebih tinggi (contoh anggur, jagung, garam alam) demikian pula dengan sektor industri dan jasa • Peluang inovasi dan pengembangan bagi energi alternatif (contoh solar-energy, hidro-energy), sumberdaya air (melting iceberg) ataupun metode aplikasi jenis kegiatan produksi lainnya (rekayasa nanoteknologi, genom, ICT) • Terbukanya peluang lahan kehidupan baru di daerah yang sebelumnya tertutup es • Akan muncul varietas tumbuhan baru hasil adaptasi ekosistem baru • Menimbulkan inspirasi kreasi produk konsumtif baru untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan gaya hidup masyarakat yang baru hasil adaptasi dengan kondisi alam yang baru (sandang, pangan, papan dan penunjang lainnya) • Kesepakatan baru diantara masyarakat global akan standard kehidupan (creates new economics and business, politics platform) hari hujan dan temperatur yang tidak panas • Mematikan atau memperpendek siklus hidup (life cycle) sejumlah usaha konvensional yang bergantung terhadap pola cuaca (seperti hydroenergy di daratan seperti danau/air terjun, pertanian tadah hujan, dll) • Menghilangnya/tenggelamnya sejumlah pulau kecil (dan gosongan) dan berkurangnya luas wilayah pesisir • Format struktur ekosistem berubah terutama di bagian pesisir; sejumlah komponen Bio-diversitas punah atau semakin kerdil karena kandungan air dan unsur hara berkurang/berubah (lahan tandus meluas), temperatur meningkat sehingga kenyamanan hidup sehari-hari berkurang • Beban kebutuhan domestik bertambah karena struktur konsumsi berubah; masyarakat marginal paling sensitif terhadap perubahan ini • Timbul endemik/wabah penyakit baru • Bagaimana dengan Indonesia? perlu kajian yang komprehensif dan holistik KLHS diperlukan