Einstein to Born If just once I slip

Einstein to Born • If, just once, I slip up and recommend a second-rate physicist, I shall lose all my influence and shall no longer be able to help anybody. • I am painfully aware that I behave like a horse-trader, praising my wares, pointing out the fine teeth and the brisk pace. The Quantum Generation M. Ryutova-Kemoklidze

Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic theory describing the atom as having a central positive nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons. This model suggested that most of the mass of the atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space. Rutherford came to this conclusion following the results of his famous gold foil experiment. This experiment involved the firing of radioactive particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably gold) and detecting them using screens coated with zinc sulfide (a scintillator). Rutherford found that although the vast majority of particles passed straight through the foil approximately 1 in 8000 were deflected leading him to his theory that most of the atom was made up of 'empty space‘.

James Chadwick發現不帶電的中子

費米 Enrico Fermi

Frédéric Joliot-Curie Irene Juliot-Curie Joliot-Curie, Irene; Curie, Marie

哈恩 Otto Hahn

In 1938 Otto Hahn (1879 -1968), Lise Meitner (1878 -1968), and Fritz Strassmann (1902 -1980) were the first to recognize that the uranium atom under bombardment by neutrons, actually split. With doctorate in hand. 在德國柏林的威廉皇帝研究院 Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in their laboratory

Einstein and Szilard ,

Leo Szilard

Robert Oppenheimer • Archivo importado por oszalal Major General Leslie R. Groves, in charge of the Manhattan Project, 1942

第一個核子反應器(堆) 領導人物：費米 地點：芝加哥大學 時間： 1942/12/2 The first nuclear reactor was erected in 1942 in the West Stands section of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago. In 1943 it was dismantled and reassembled at the Palos Park unit of the Argonne National Laboratory.

Chicago Pile One scientists at the University of Chicago on December 2, 1946, the fourth anniversary of their success. Back row( left to right), Norman Hilberry, Samuel Allison, Thomas Brill, Robert G. Nobles, Warren Nyer, and Marvin Wilkening. Middle row, Harold Agnew, William Sturm, Harold Lichtenberger, Leona W. Marshall, and Leo Szilard. Front row, Enrico Fermi, Walter H. Zinn, Albert Wattenberg, and Herbert L. Anderson.

Enrico Fermi

Hans Bethe

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and Ernest Lawrence

Fanghong

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 Prolineserver Osamu Shimomura 下村脩 Prolineserver Martin Chalfie Roger Y. Tsien 錢永健 下村脩 : 沒有被原子彈炸死的人，但眼睛瞎了好幾個禮拜。 "As a teenager, Osamu Shimomura was blinded for several weeks by the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. "

德國的計畫 • • • Weiner Heisenberg ALSOS (glove in Greek) Samuel Goudsmit Operation Epsilon Farm Hall Transcripts

Hitler's physicists were behind the Allies in developing nuclear power

Werner Heisenberg (centre) with colleagues in 1927.

Ehrenfest's students, Leiden 1924. Left to right: Gerhard Heinrich Dieke, Samuel Abraham Goudsmit Jan tinbergen , Paul Ehrenfest , Dalph Kronig and Erico Fermi

德國的計畫 • • • Weiner Heisenberg ALSOS (glove in Greek) Samuel Goudsmit Operation Epsilon Farm Hall Transcripts

Alsos member Goudsmit, Wardenburg, Welsh and Cecil Courtesy of the United States Army

德國的計畫 • • • Weiner Heisenberg ALSOS (glove in Greek) Samuel Goudsmit Operation Epsilon Farm Hall Transcripts

Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI 6 Farm Hall, a wiretaped house in Godmanchester (near Cambridge)

German scientists kept at The Farm Hall • • • Erich Bagge Kurt Diebner Walther Gerlach Otto Hahn Paul Harteck Werner Heisenberg Horst Korsching Max von Laue Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Karl Wirtz

R. Oppenheimer Henry Truman Don’t you bring that fellow aroud again, After all, all he did was made the bomb, Mr President, I have blood on my hands. I am the guy who fired it off.

Edward Teller

美國蘇聯英國法國中國的核武發展 • • • 國家 美國 蘇聯 英國 法國 中國 原子彈 1945 7 16 1949 8 29 1952 10 3 1960 2 13 1964 10 16 氫彈 1952 10 31 1955 11 22 1957 11 8 1968 8 24 1967 6 17

Andrei Sakharov

美國蘇聯英國法國中國的核武發展 • • • 國家 美國 蘇聯 英國 法國 中國 原子彈 1945 7 16 1949 8 29 1952 10 3 1960 2 13 1964 10 16 氫彈 1952 10 31 1955 11 22 1957 11 8 1968 8 24 1967 6 17

"We scientists, whose tragic destiny it has been to help make the methods of annihilation ever more gruesome and more effective, must consider it our solemn and transcendent duty to do all in our power in preventing these weapons from being used. . What task could possibly be more important to us? "

The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists' "Doomsday Clock" reads seven minutes to midnight, indicating how close the world is to a “Second Nuclear Age. ”

紐約時報記者 William Laurence • • William Laurence was born in Lithuania in 1888. As a young man he developed radical political opinions and in 1905 he was forced to flee from Russia. Laurence moved to the United States and eventually became a science reporter for several leading newspapers and magazines in the country. democracynow. org Laurence had the ability to translate the complexities of modern science into articles that could be understood by the general public. He had good contacts with the world's leading scientists and in 1940 began writing articles about nuclear research for the New York Times and the Saturday Evening Post. Laurence argued that in future small quantities of U-235, would propel an ocean liner, heat and light entire cities and set off a destructive bomb blast that was equivalent of twenty thousand tons of TNT. After Pearl Harbor Laurence noticed that scientists in the United States working in this field began to refuse to talk to him. He became convinced that the Allies were involved in a secret atom bomb project. This was confirmed in the summer of 1942 when the United States Office of Censorship wrote to him asking him not to write articles on the potential of nuclear power. In April 1945 Laurence was contacted by General Leslie Groves, head of the Manhattan Project. Groves told Laurence about the Project and recruited him to become the official chronicler of the development of the atom bomb. For the next three months he was allowed to interview the scientists working on the project and prepare the press releases needed when this new weapon was used. Laurence witnessed the first test explosion of an atomic bomb in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico. He also inter-Viewed the crew that took part in the raid on Hiroshima and was on the plane that dropped the atom bomb on Nagasaki. Articles published by Laurence in the New York Times in 1945 won him the Pulitzer Prize. William Laurence died in 1977. http: //www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/2 WWlaurence. htm

Article written by William Laurence about the bombing Nagasaki appeared in several newspapers in August 1945. • We are on our way to bomb the mainland of Japan. Our flying contingent consists of three specially designed B-29 Superforts, and two of these carry no bombs. But our lead plane is on its way with another atomic bomb, the second in three days, concentrating its active substance, and explosive energy equivalent to 20, 000, and under favorable conditions, 40, 000 tons of TNT. • We have several chosen targets. One of these is the great industrial and shipping center of Nagasaki, on the western shore of Kyushu, one of the main islands of the Japanese homeland. http: //www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/2 WWnagasaki. htm

作品 授權條件 第 4頁文字部分 作者/來源 M. Ryutova-Kemoklidze， «The Quantum Generation» ，1995。 / http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Ernest_Rutherford_(Nobel). png 2010/11/10 Nobel foundation http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: JJ_Thomson_(Nobel). jpg 2010/11/10 Royal Society of Chemistry http: //www. rsc. org/chemsoc/timeline//pages/1911. html 2010/12/13 First World War. com http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: J. J_Thomson. jpg 2010/11/10

作品 授權條件 作者/來源 APS News http: //www. lorentz. leidenuniv. nl/history/explosion/APS_back_page. html Kenosis at en. wikipedia http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Chadwick. jpg 2010/11/10 Bettina Katzenstein / ETH Zürich http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Wolfgang_Pauli_ETH-Bib_Portr_01042. jpg 2010/11/10 WIKI / http: //zh. wikipedia. org/zh-tw/File: Wang_Ganchang_early_1950 s. jpg 2010/11/13 Department of Energy. Office of Public Affairs http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Enrico_Fermi_1943 -49. jpg 2010/11/13 http: //photos. aip. org/search. Result 2. jsp? item_id=Joliot. Curie%20 Irene%20 C 13&fname=joliotcurie_irene_c 13. jpg&title=null&descri ption=L-R: %20 Irene%20 Joliot. Curie, %20 Marie%20 Curie, %20 From%20 the%20 book: %20%20'Atoms, %20 men%20 and%20 stars%20: %20 a%20 survey%20 of%20 the%20 latest%20 devel opments%20 of%20 physical%20 science%20 and%20 their%20 relation%20 to% 20 life'%20 by%20 Rogers%20 D. %20 Rusk. . . , %20 New%20 York%20; %20 Lond on%20: %20 A. A. %20 Knopf, %201937. &credit=Acme%20 Photo, %20 courtesy %20 AIP%20 Emilio%20 Segre%20 Visual%20 Archives&photo. Date=null&stor e. Published=Y&color=N&names=Joliot. Curie, %20 Irene; %20 Curie, %20 Marie&contact. ID=null 2010/12/13

作品 授權條件 作者/來源 http: //mysucculentrevolution. files. wordpress. com/2010/11/hsirenej. jpg 2010/12/13 nobelprize. org http: //nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/hahn. html 2010/11/15 Department of Energy. Office of Public Affairs. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Otto_Hahn_und_Lise_Meitner. jpg 2010/11/15 Lise Meitner and the Dawn of the Nuclear Age http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Lise_Meitner_1906, _Viena. jpg 2010/11/15 http: //www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk/lifestyle/books/the-german-genius-bypeter-watson-14977757. html 2011/1/25 DEUTSCHES HISTORISCHES MUSEUM http: //www. dhm. de/lemo/objekte/pict/meitnbio/index. html 2010/12/13 atomicarchive. com http: //www. atomicarchive. com/Fission 1. shtml 2010/12/17

作品 授權條件 作者/來源 University of Glamorgan http: //scicomm. research. glam. ac. uk/projects/current/ 2010/11/15 U. S. Department of Energy http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Leo_Szilard. jpg 2010/11/15 US DOE http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Robert_Oppenheimer_1946. jpg 2010/11/15 Archivo importado por oszalal http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Major. Leslie. RGroves. gif 2010/11/20 Nobel foundation http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Bethe. jpg 2010/11/20 Richard Rhode The Making of the Atomic Bomb Melvin A. Miller of the Argonne National Laboratory http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Stagg_Field_reactor. jpg 2010/11/20

作品 &圖片說明 授權條件 作者/來源 atomicarchive. com http: //www. atomicarchive. com/Photos/CP 1/image 5. shtml 2010/11/20 Lex 1026 http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Fermi. jpg 2010/11/20 photos. aip. org http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Bethe_hans. jpg 2010/11/20 olive-drab http: //www. olive-drab. com/od_nuclear_manhattan. php 2010/11/20 互動百科 http: //www. hudong. com/wiki/%E 8%98%91%E 8%8 F%87%E 4%BA%91 2010/12/13 U. S. Department of Energy http: //www. energy. gov/about/trinitysite. htm 2010/11/20 AJ SOFTWARE & MULTIMEDIA http: //www. trinityremembered. com/history/g 5_p 2. html 2010/12/13

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作品 授權條件 作者/來源 百度百科: Arthas. Jaina http: //baike. baidu. com/album/3704/211937. html 2010/12/13 American Institute of Physics http: //www. aip. org/history/einstein/ae 45. htm 2010/11/29 wikipedia http: //zh. wikipedia. org/zh-tw/File: Doomsday-clock. jpg 2010/11/18 democracynow. org http: //www. democracynow. org/2005/8/5/hiroshima_cover_up_stripping_the_ war 2010/11/20 第 80頁文 http: //www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/2 WWlaurence. htm 2010/12/29 第 81頁文 http: //www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/2 WWnagasaki. htm 2010/12/29