Egypt was ruled by allpowerful rulers called pharaohs

Egypt was ruled by allpowerful rulers called pharaohs.

The history of Egypt is divided into 3 periods: Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Egypt’s Old Kingdom began in 2600 B. C. and lasted until 2300 B. C.

Egypt grew and prospered during the Old Kingdom Egyptians Egypt was ruled by Built kings called Cities pharaohs who lived in palaces Expanded “Pharaoh” is a Greek term which means “great house” Trade Set up a Strong Government

1. Believed the unity of their kingdom depended on a strong leader 2. Considered the pharaoh to be the son of the god Re – the sun god and a god on earth

playing music on flutes and cymbals People showed honor and respect to the Pharaoh in public by: bowing down to smell the earth or touch their heads to the ground

The pharaohs’ word was law and had to be obeyed The Pharaoh appointed officials to: make sure crops were planted make sure irrigation canals and grain storehouses were built control trade and collect tax payments of grain from farmers

The pharaoh carried out ritual ceremonies that Egyptians believed helped control their welfare such as: 1. Riding a sacred bull around the capital city of Memphis to ensure fertility of the soil (bull = symbol of fertility) 2. cutting the first ripe grain to ensure a good harvest.

Let’s Review…All about pharaohs Lived in palaces Considered to be gods on Earth Were all-powerful Details about Egyptian pharaohs Carry-out Religious rituals Appointed Government officials

Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.

Religion was deeply woven into Egyptian culture Egyptians believed many deities or gods and goddesses controlled the forces of nature and human activities

The main Egyptian gods included: 1. Re, the sun god who ruled over the rising and setting of the sun, represented the importance of a sunny climate for good harvests

2. Hapi was ruler of the Nile River who represented the importance of water for growing crops.

3. Isis represented the loyal wife and mother who ruled over the dead with her husband Osiris, god of the underworld and afterlife.

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

THE FAMILY OF THE EGYPTIAN GODS RA NEKHEBET SHU TEFNUT GEB RA NUT HATHOR OSIRIS HORUS ISIS SET NEPHTHYS OSIRIS ANUBIS

Egyptian Creation Myth http: //www. ancientegypt. co. uk/gods/story/main. html The Goddess Nut

Unlike the Mesopotamians, who imagined a gloomy life after death, the Egyptians thought the afterlife would be a place of peace and plenty

Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark. ” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead Read from the Book of the Dead , a collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death. Egyptians believed they must lead a good life and know the magic spells to gain the afterlife.

Osiris met the dead in the next world and judged whether to grant them life after death.

The Underworld • This scene shows what Egyptians believed happened to the soul after it descended into the Underworld.

The Final Judgement Osiris Anubis Horus

Egyptians believed it important for the pharaoh’s spirit to reach the next world where he could continue to care for Egypt. Through the embalming process, Egyptians prepared the pharaoh’s body to accept his spirit in the afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

1. remove the brain 2. remove the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines and place in canoptic jars 3. wash the body with wine 4. salt the body with natron and bury it in the desert sands to dry

5. remove the body from the sands, fill it with spices and perfumes, and stitch it closed. 6. cleanse the body with oils 7. wrap the body with long strips of cotton-linen cloth 8. place inside a wooden coffin and put it into a sarcophagus

Materials Used in Mummification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin 6. Natron 7. Onion 8. Nile Mud 9. Linen Pads 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291 -1278 B. C. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210 -1200 B. C. Ramses II 1279 -1212 B. C.

Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soulspirit ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Let’s Review…Egyptians’ beliefs Belief in many gods Pharaoh needed body for afterlife hopeful view of life after death Egyptian Beliefs Osiris judged whether or not to grant them afterlife Magic spells needed to gain life after death The Book of the Dead

used herbs and drugs to treat many different illnesses Egyptian doctors specialists to treat particular parts of the body became skilled at sewing up cuts and setting broken bones world’s first medical books on papyrus scrolls

Egyptian Mummies

Ancient Egypt The Nile Valley Chapter 2, Section 2 World History Mrs. Thompson

The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.

Egyptians built mountain-like pyramids, entirely of stone, as tombs for the pharaohs They were the size of several city blocks and were meant to protect the dead bodies of pharaohs from: floods wild animals grave robbers

Pyramids were filled with supplies that the might need in the spirit world such as pharaoh : clothing furniture jewelry food

Each pyramid sat on a square base with entrance facing north Egyptians used astronomy to determine true north Egyptians developed 365 day/12 month calendar which is basis for modern calendar

About 2540 B. C. , Egyptians built the largest and grandest of the pyramids known as the Great Pyramid

Located about 10 miles from Cairo and stands in Giza on the west bank of the Nile River Rises nearly 5 oo ft. above desert and covers an area about 9 football fields Contains more than 2 million stone blocks, each about 2. 5 tons

Tallest structure on the world for more than 4, 000 years and is equal to size of a 48 story building Largest of about 80 pyramids found in Egypt

Egyptian advances in Math helped them determine angle measurements and amount of stone needed for pyramids

System of written numbers based on 10 Advances in Mathematics Creation of fractions and using them with whole numbers to add, subtract, & divide

Locate stone from hundreds of miles away Unload stones and drag or push up ramps to be set in place Load stones on barges and float to building site Tie blocks to wooden sleds and pull them to Nile over a path paved with logs Use copper tools to cut the stone into huge blocks http: //www. classzone. com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/resources/html/animations/pyramid_anim/wh 04_pyramid. html

Thousands of people and many years to build the pyramids Most of the builders were farmers Surveyors, engineers, carpenters, and stonecutters also lent skills to pyramid building