Egypt John Stevenson 2017 Maps by David P
Egypt © John Stevenson, 2017 Maps by David P. Barrett used by permission
THE NILE • Agricultural Nation • Land Values • Transportation
• Black Land • Red Land
Mesopotamia Egypt • Flooding irregular & destructive • No natural borders against enemies • Flooding predictable & beneficial • Natural borders of sea & desert • Rulers of different nationalities • Pessimistic • Mostly a dynastic succession • Optimistic • Gods cold & cruel & • Gods good & not to be trusted benevolent
Problems in Studying Egyptian Chronology • • Lack of a fixed system of reckoning years Lack of any objective Egyptian Historians Astronomical Dating Methods Translating the Hieroglyphs
Pyramid era Dynasties 11 -12 1991 - 1786 Era of the biblical patriarchs New Kingdom Dynasties 18 -20 1587 - 1085 Era of Moses and the Exodus 3 rd Intermediate Period 2686 – 2181 Middle Kingdom 2 nd Intermediate Period Dynasties 3 -6 1 st Intermediate Period Archaic Period Old Kingdom
Prior to 3000 B. C. • • • Climate change & the Sahara Migrations Architecture – Mud brick structures – Silos for grain – Cattle compounds
Lower Egypt Red Crown Upper Egypt White Crown
S E W N Upper Egypt Lower Egypt
Narmer Pallet also known as Pharaoh Menes 3000 B. C. Unification of Egypt
Narmer Pallet also known as Pharaoh Menes 3000 B. C. Unification of Egypt
3000 - 2600 B. C. • • • Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt Capital eventually at Memphis Civil and Religious institutions and ceremonies assume form they will maintain throughout entire Dynastic Period • Wooden & brick temples & palaces
Geb Nut (Earth) (Sky)
Seth Geb Nut (Earth) (Sky) Isis Osiris Isis
Seth Geb Nut (Earth) (Sky) Isis Osiris Horus
• Isis & Osiris bring civilization • Seth tricks Osiris into a coffin Seth
Seth • Isis & Osiris bring civilization • Seth tricks Osiris into a coffin • Isis resurrects Osiris • Osiris becomes god of the dead • Isis gives birth to Horus • Horus defeats Seth
• Normally held on 30 th year of rule • Pharaoh would show physical ability • Rejuvenation ceremony
2686 - 2181 B. C.
Mastaba
Mastaba
Step Pyramid of Djoser
Step Pyramid of Djoser
Around 2600 B. C. • Founder of 4 th Dynasty • First true pyramid builder
Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
• Robber’s Tunnel • Caliph al-Ma’mum (820 A. D. )
Pyramid of Khafre
Pyramids • Served as tombs • More than a hundred in Egypt • All on the west bank of the Nile
• • 12 months with 30 days each 360 day cycle + 5 days No leap year It would take 1460 years for calendar to make full cycle – This was called the apocatastasis (the re-establishment)
First Intermediate Period 2181 - 1991 B. C. • Entrance of Bedouins • Advent of Pessimistic Literature “Seventy kings in seventy days” (Manetho)
Middle Kingdom 1991 - 1786 B. C.
11 th Dynasty
Amenemhet III • Irrigation Canal to the Faiyum Depression • Record height of Nile
Goshen
Suspicions against Israelites • Foreigners • Shepherds • Goshen • Religious differences
Maps provided by David P. Barrett www. Bible. Mapper. com Used by Permission
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