EGYPT http www youtube comwatch vb Jo Ezwf

EGYPT http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. Jo. Ezwf. FTng&feature=related (3: 25) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ze. V 3 Nb_h. I 4 A&feature=endscreen&NR=1 (3: 30) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CXQHQbvwq 70&NR=1&feature=fvwp (2: 11) 1 Photo – National Geographic

Please. .

Vagabonds Tramping Through East Africa

AFRICA GAME VIEWING Africa Adventure Company: www. africa-adventure. com Our website: www. vagabondgeology. com

WEEK EGYPT EAST 6: AFRICA EGYPT Week 6: Egypt Week 5: Kenya KENYA Week 4: Tanzania (2) Week 3: Tanzania (1) Week 2: Zimbabwe Week 1: living in Africa TANZANIA ANGOLA ZIMBABWE SOUTH AFRICA

EGYPT TODAY’S TOPICS Geography, History & Statistics Geologic Overview Egypt Sights 6

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY EGYPT

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY GAZA STRIP Mediterranean Sea ISRAEL LIBYA 600 miles mi 660 390, 000 sq miles Surrounded by 5 countries (1. 45 X Texas) Red Sea SAUDI ARABIA Disputed Areas SUDAN

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY 5000 Africa 3000 1500 Asia Nile River Delta 0 This makes Gr Egypt a ea t S Isthmus of Suez antranscontinental d Green De nation se means rt lower level on map Nile River (Longest river on planet at 4, 130 miles) Lake Nassar (world’s largest man-

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY 5000 3000 Al Fayyum Oasis Suez Canal 1500 Siwa Oasis Bahariya Oasis Dakhla Oasis 0 Mt. Sinai (Highest point in Egypt at 7, 497 ft) Qattara Depression (lowest point in Egypt at 439 ft BSL) Kharga Oasis

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY 5000 3000 1500 0 Approx. 99% of population uses only 5. 5% of total land area People per sq km

EGYPT FLAG & HISTORY

EGYPTIAN FLAG • RED symbolizes early struggle against the monarchy • WHITE symbolizes the bloodless nature of its former Revolution • BLACK symbolizes end of oppression • Tricolor is based on the Arab Liberation Flag; also used by Iraq, Syria & Yemen • Egypt's national emblem, the Eagle of Saladin is centered in the white band (symbol of Arab Nationalism)

KEY HISTORY TERMS 1. Upper/Middle/Lower Egypt • Lower Egypt is from Cairo to the Mediterranean • Upper Egypt is between the Sudan and Cairo • Upper Egypt has been broken up into a Middle Egypt & Upper Egypt • Middle Egypt stretches upstream from the Qena Bend to Memphis LOWER EGYPT Cairo MIDDLE EGYPT UPPER EGYPT Sudan to south

KEY HISTORY TERMS 2. Old/Middle/New Kingdoms • Old Kingdom period, c. 2700– 2200 BC • Middle Kingdom period, c. 2055 -1650 BC • New Kingdom period, c. 1550 -1070 BC

KEY HISTORY TERMS If Old Kingdom period ended c. 2200 BC and the Middle Kingdom started c. 2040 BC, what’s in between? WHOA! 3. Intermediate Periods • 1 st Intermediate c. 2181 -2085 BC • 2 nd Intermediate 1650 -1550 BC • 3 rd Intermediate c. 1069 -644 BC c. “period of disunity and relative cultural decline”

KEY HISTORY TERMS 4. Dynasties “a sequence of rulers considered members of the same family. Dynasty is also used to refer to the era during which a family reigned, as well as events, trends and artifacts of that period…” Egypt 1 st dynasty (c. 3050 – 2890 BC) 2 nd dynasty (2890– 2686 BC) 3 rd dynasty (2686– 2613 BC) 4 th dynasty (2613– 2498 BC) 5 th dynasty (2498– 2345 BC) 6 th dynasty (2345– 2181 BC) 7 th and 8 th dynasties (2181 - 2160 BC) 9 th dynasty (2160– 2130 BC) 10 th dynasty (2130– 2040 BC) 11 th dynasty (2134– 1991 BC) 12 th dynasty (1991– 1803 BC) 13 th dynasty (1803– 1649 BC) 14 th dynasty (1705– 1690 BC) 15 th dynasty (1674– 1535 BC) 16 th dynasty (1660– 1600 BC) 17 th dynasty (1650– 1549 BC) 18 th dynasty (1549– 1292 BC) 19 th dynasty (1292– 1186 BC) 20 th dynasty (1186– 1069 BC) 21 st dynasty (1069 – 945 BC)

KEY HISTORY TERMS 5. Divisions of Historical Egyptian Time

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 10 th millennium BCE, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers is established in Egypt • c. 8000 BCE-Sahara starts to form; tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society • 3150 BCE-Unified kingdom was founded by King Menes; leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next 3000 years! • c. 1550 BCE, start of New Kingdom, began with the 18 th Dynasty; this dynasty sees the maximum expansion of Egypt • Well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II are from New Kingdom Period

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 639 CE-Egypt invaded and conquered by Muslim Arabs; Arabs Cairo becomes seat of Califate; Arabs remain in control for next 600 years • c. 1250 CE-Mamluks take control; Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies • 1517 -Ottoman Turks conquer Egypt after which it becomes a province of the Ottoman Empire and remains • connected to the Ottomans till 1914 • 1798 -Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt; holds it for 2 yrs. Four years of anarchy follows • 1805 Mohamed Ali (known as “Founder of Modern Egypt”) takes control and holds it for 43 yrs!

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1811 -1831 -Ali captures Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan and parts of Ethopia • 1840 -increasing power of Ali alarms European powers; they intercede in Ali’s forays • 1847 -Ali dies; string of family successions follow; debt increases to point that Egypt can borrow no more; Europe steps in • 1875 -Ali family sells their Suez Canal shares to the British Government; British & French appointed to Parliament to monitor finances • 1879 -1882 -Foreign involvement leads to local uprising; British/French invade; Egypt becomes British protectorate; British involvement till 1954 • 1919 -first modern revolution; UK government issues a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922; Republic 1954

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1956 -Nasser assumes power as President; switches alliance to Russia • 1956 nationalizes the Suez Canal prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis • 1967 Six Day War, Israel invades and occupies Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip • 1970 -3 years later President Nasser dies and succeeded by Anwar Sadat • 1972 -Sadat switches Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expels Soviet advisors; launches the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition • 1977 -Sadat makes historic visit to Israel; leads to 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Fundamentalist military soldier assassinates Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He is succeeded by Hosni Mubarak

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • In 2003, Movement launched to oppose Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms/greater civil liberties • January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government; February 2011 -Mubarak resigns; Celebrations breaks out in Tahrir Square • July 2012, new president Mohamed Morsi elected • August 2012, Prime Minister announces new 35 member cabinet; 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood

EGYPT DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC STATISTICS

STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE SIZE (X Texas) DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) people/sq mile TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA 2 X 2 X ½X 1. 4 X 0. 8 X 1. 4 X 18 25 49 104 12 57 43 110 43 174 83 214 312 82 80% 9% 11% 24 50 62 yes 98% 1% 1% 19 38 60 yes 98% 1% 1% 18 51 54 yes 98% 1% 1% 19 55 58 yes 99% 1% 24 71 63 no 1% 72% 27% 37 78 75 yes 80% 15% 5% 85% 14% 1% 30% 35% 78% 10% 12% 10% -90% 73% -7% indiginous tribes 95% European extraction 2% (Indian/Asian/other) 3% median age (years) 18 life expectancy (2008) 38 life expectancy (1990) 40 ENGLISH? (official) no RELIGIONS Christian 88% Tribal 7% Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5%

Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% -Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40 -65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0. 5 T $1. 8 T $6. 6 T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -1% GDP: oil/gas 85% --* 7% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% oil reserves (MB) 9, 000 15 --* 4 gas reserves (Tril ft 3) 9. 3 0. 32 -10 -25 * 77 diamond res (B ct) 0. 18 1. 1 >3 0. 05 --coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1. 5 -0. 05 other fish platium gold tea, cof textiles STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT 73% -7% 99% > 90% $49 T 15% 8% 2% 18% 21, 000 272 -491 coal USA

STATISTICAL COMPARISON EGYPT OLDER & LONG LIVED GAS RESERVES

STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE SIZE (X Texas) DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) people/sq mile KENYA EGYPT USA 2 X 2 X ½X 1. 4 X 0. 8 X 1. 4 X 18 25 49 104 12 57 43 110 43 174 83 214 312 82 80% 9% 11% 24 50 62 yes 98% 1% 1% 19 38 60 yes 98% 1% 1% 18 51 54 yes 58 yes 99% 1% 24 71 63 no 1% 72% 27% 37 78 75 yes 80% 15% 5% 85% 14% 1% 30% 35% 78% 10% 12% 10% -90% 73% -7% ! 98% A S 1% U e h t 1% e r a 19 p m 55 o c indiginous tribes 95% European extraction 2% (Indian/Asian/other) 3% median age (years) 18 life expectancy (2008) 38 life expectancy (1990) 40 ENGLISH? (official) no RELIGIONS Christian 88% Tribal 7% Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% s ’ t Le TANZ’A

Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% -Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40 -65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0. 5 T $1. 8 T $6. 6 T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -1% GDP: oil/gas 85% --* 7% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% oil reserves (MB) 9, 000 15 --* 4 gas reserves (Tril ft 3) 9. 3 0. 32 -10 -25 * 77 diamond res (B ct) 0. 18 1. 1 >3 0. 05 --coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1. 5 -0. 05 other fish platium gold tea, cof textiles STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT 73% -7% 99% > 90% $49 T 15% 8% 2% 18% 21, 000 272 -491 uranium USA

STATISTICAL COMPARISON USA BIG DIVERSE LONGEVITY ENGLISH LITERATE WEALTHY RESOURCES!

EGYPT TODAY’S TOPICS Geography, History & Statistics Geologic Overview Egypt Sights 36

GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW Pre-Cambrian “Basement” (older than 540 mya) Sandstone- Older (145 mya) Limestone (45 mya) Eas Western Desert tern Des ert Sandstone-Younger (25 mya) Unconsolidated Material (sand dunes or sand/silt/clay or sand/gravel – recent)

Let’s look back in time to see if there was an environment for SANDSTONE

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? Today All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 50 kya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 20 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 35 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 50 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 65 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 90 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 105 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 120 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 150 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 170 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

SANDSTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 200 mya LAURASIA & GODWANA SUPERCONTINENTS All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 200 mya LAURASIA & GODWANA SUPERCONTINENTS All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 170 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 150 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 120 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 105 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 90 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 65 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 50 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 35 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 20 mya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 50 kya All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? Today F O T O AL E TIM ! ! R E T A W R E D UN All maps by Dr. Ron Blakey, NAU Geology

LIMESTONE FROM CORAL REEFS When the organisms die, their shells form a reef… • reef is a rock, sandbar, mass of marine skeletons, etc. lying beneath the surface of water in less than 60 ft of water • A biotic reef is dominated by corals and calcareous algae (calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls) • Foraminifera is a type of Protozoa that is famous for creating offshore biotic reefs • Millions of years of ideal conditions can grow reefs that are hundreds of feet thick and cover vast areas with limestone • Blue/Purple area to the left

LIMESTONE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

NILE RIVER

THE NILE • Longest river on planet at 4, 130 miles; used to be 870 miles longer; blocked by volcanic flows • Runs through 10 countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt • Drainage basin of 1, 256, 591 sq mi; approx 10% of the area of Africa • Peak flow is approx. 290, 000 cu ft/second (late August/Early September) (more on this later…)

THE NILE • Has two major tributaries, White Nile & Blue Nile; they join near Khartoum, Sudan • White Nile is longer and starts in the Great Lakes region of East Africa • 90% of Nile water and 96% of sediment load transported by the Nile originates in Ethiopia • Of the 90% Nile water, the Blue Nile supplies 65% • Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and fertile soil; begins at Lake Tana, Ethiopia

THE BLUE NILE

THE BLUE NILE Let’s go back and look at the Nile in more detail…. Flows into Sudan 250 mile long canyon! EAST AFRICAN RIFT THRU ETHIOPIA

THE NILE

THE NILE • Almost ZERO rain annually • Massive amounts of evaporation reduces output to the Mediterranean Rainfall/yr >70 in 35 in < 1 in

THE NILE Elevation (ft above sea level) 6000 4500 Very high gradient (meaning it drops very fast in relatively short distance) 3000 Low gradient 1500 Very low gradient 3000 2500 2000 1500 Distance from Mediterranean (mi)

NILE SUMMARY In summary, • Without the Nile there would not be any delta; (the delta provides 2 X as much agricultural land as the rest of Egypt) • Without the Nile, there would not have been agriculture and without agriculture, there would be no people • Without the Nile there may not have been any Egyptian Civilization! • Geology created the Nile therefore Geology is responsible for this early Civilization!

EGYPT TODAY’S TOPICS Geography, History & Statistics Geologic Overview Egypt Sights 75

Let’s go Vagabonding in Egypt!

Starting with CAIRO

CAIRO

CAIRO 79

CAIRO SIGHTSEEING Egyptian Museum Tahrir Square Cairo Tower To Pyramids Airport Mohamed Ali Mosque Coptic Museum Khan Al-Khalili Market

EGYPT PEOPLE

NILE CRUISE

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP Cairo Nile Cruise

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 84

ASWAN

NILE CRUISE BOAT 86

ASWAN Lithium Batteries here? Who would have guessed! 87

TEMPLE OF EDFU

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 89

TEMPLE OF EDFU • Was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo • It is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt • Dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE 90

LUXOR

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 92

TEMPLE OF LUXOR

WEST BANK

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 95

HATSHUPSET • Hatshepsut translated means “Foremost of Noble Ladies” • Fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt • Regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty 96

ABU SIMBEL

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 98

ABU SIMBEL RELOCATION King’s Temple Queen’s All of this was going to Temple be lost with the filling of the reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam that had just been built

ABU SIMBEL RELOCATION • United Nations lead an effort to determine how best to protect & save this piece of antiquity • Though much deliberation it was decided to relocate both temples to higher ground on an artificial hill made high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir • Over 1600 engineers, construction crew and staff from 5 countries planned and executed the relocation work • New location is 215 feet higher and 600 feet back from the temple’s original location • The entire temple was cut up into 10, 000, 2 -20 ton blocks, blocks numbered, relocated and re-assembled at this new location • Construction time took 4 years and cost $40 million

ABU SIMBEL RELOCATION

ABU SIMBEL RELOCATION

OFF WE GO TO ABU SIMBEL

ABU SIMBEL

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA • Oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis • Oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact • Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) over a 10 to 20 -year period concluding around 2560 BCE • At 481 feet the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure on earth for over 3, 800 years!

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA • Each base side is 760 ft long • It consists of an estimated 2. 3 million blocks • Mass of the pyramid is estimated at 6. 5 million tons • Building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 880 tons of stone every day; move an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night • Avg. opening of joints is only 1/50 th of an inch wide!

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

QUARRIES OF EGYPT

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA Khufu (father) c. 2560 BCE Khafre (son) c. 2530 BCE Menkaure (grandson) c. 2500 BCE INTERESTING ALIGNMENTS • Eastern edges off Let’s look at Khufu the three detail… large in more pyramids are in alignment • that alignment passes thru two corners and the center of the eastern, very small, pyramid • Diagonal alignment of Khufu & Khafre

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA We bid farewell to wonderful Egypt… We made it!! • Permissible to enter the Pyramid and make your way to the King’s burial chamber • Only 300 Tickets per day sold • Open from 8 am till 1 pm 114

THANKS TO… Marilyn & Nigel classroom support Charlie computer support Kathy, Amy & Staff UT’s OLLI Division

Join for a. NOVA - Winter 2013 It’sus Now 3 -D Seismic Cube become a ‘black gold’ millionaire. . . or a ‘dry hole’ hobo!

EGYPT TH AN REMEMBER… KY O U! GEOLOGY ROCKS 118

KENYA All class material either is or will be on 1) the University’s website and on 2) Our website at: www. vagabondgeology. com 119 ANY QUESTIONS? ?

REFERNCES https: //www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa#Egypt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula http: //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/545586/Sinai-Peninsula http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sinai http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt http: //pubs. usgs. gov/of/1983/0487/report. pdf http: //adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/2003 AGUFM. H 52 A 1182 H http: //www. sacred-destinations. com/egypt/cairo-egyptian-museum http: //www. lonelyplanet. com/egypt/tours/small-group-trip/explore-egypt? lpaffil=fbta 1 http: //www. giscenter. gov. eg/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Upper_Egypt http: //www. thefreedictionary. com/Upper+Egypt http: //www. mapsofworld. com/physical-map/egypt-physical-map. html http: //people. csail. mit. edu/hanna/Egypt/index 06. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Egypte_louvre_066. jpg http: //www. tripadvisor. com/Attraction_Review-g 294201 -d 1725002 -Reviews. Emo_Private_Day_Tours-Cairo. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hala%27 ib_Triangle http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-Ts 0225 Bc. L 8 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=XC_5 q. LRAX 10 http: //www. cheops-pyramide. ch/khufu-pyramid/pyramid-construction. html http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/ancient/explore-ancient-egypt. html http: //www. science-frontiers. com/sf 137 p 01. htm http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/Ghizaarchitecture. htm http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/Ghiza%20 essay. htm http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/egyptghiza. htm http: //www. utdallas. edu/geosciences/remsens/Nile/geology. html http: //eoimages. gsfc. nasa. gov/images/imagerecords/79000/79253/ISS 032 -E-009123. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abu_Simbel http: //www. messinianonline. it/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Salinity_crisis http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa#Egypt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Suez_canal http: //www. britannica. com/media/full/204 http: //pubs. usgs. gov/pp/0560 d/report. pdf http: //www. utdallas. edu/~rjstern/pdfs/Nubian. Swell. pdf http: //www. trekearth. com/gallery/Africa/Egypt/Inland/Red_Sea/Marsa_Ala m/photo 933963. htm http: //www. lonelyplanet. com/maps/africa/egypt/ http: //www. thebanmappingproject. com/atlas/index_kv. asp? tomb. ID=undefin ed (nice details on valley of the king tombs) http: //minerals. usgs. gov/minerals/pubs/country/africa. html http: //www. petroleum. gov. eg/en/Projectsand. Activities/Strategic. Projects/Pag es/Goldand. El. Soukry. aspx http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dynasty http: //www. tripadvisor. com/Attraction_Review-g 294201 -d 2108334 -Reviews. Ayman_Ahmed_Private_Tour_Guide-Cairo. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27 s_seizure_of_power http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. MY 1 Ho 8 mw. TA&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. Jo. Ezwf. FTng&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CXQHQbvwq 70&NR=1&feature=fvwp http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/ancient/who-built-the-pyramids. html http: //www. robertschoch. net/Redating%20 the%20 Great%20 Sphinx%20 of%2 0 Giza. htm http: //www. nationalgeographic. com/pyramids/khufu. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nile_river http: //www. indiana. edu/~geol 116/week 9/wk 9. htm http: //www. ees. ac. uk/userfiles/file/EA-32 pp 03 -05 -Lutley. pdf http: //library. wur. nl/isric/kaart/origineel/afr_eggm 1981. jpg http: //www. ldeo. columbia. edu/res/div/ocp/drought/medieval. shtml http: //adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/2003 AGUFM. H 52 A 1182 H http: //news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2007/04/070402 -egyptvolcano. html

REFERENCES songs http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Ur. Ve. RGo 5 IM&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Uvo 6 vr. Izkg&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=WNXRn 8 d 9 jlk&feature=related videos http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. DTyfm 7 Rp 1 g http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=r 1 inue. BSwko http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=6 Jz 5 s 6 Yl. D 2 U http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=gv. XV 17 y. WNtg

Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. ~Mark Twain

“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. ” – Mark Twain

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 10 th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers is established in Egypt • c. 8000 BCE-Sahara starts to form; tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society • c. 6000 BCE-Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley; several pre-dynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt • c. 3200 BCE-earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared • 3150 BCE-Unified kingdom was founded by King Menes; leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next 3000 years!

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 1650 BCE-first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt; Semitic Hyksos • c. 1550 BCE, start of New Kingdom, began with the 18 th Dynasty; this dynasty sees the maximum expansion of Egypt • Well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II are from New Kingdom Period • 343 BCE-Last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch; Falls to the Persians after the last native Pharaoh is defeated in battle • 332 BCE-Ptolemaic Kingdom takes control; Alexandria becomes capital city and center of Greek culture and trade

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1 st century-Christianity brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist • 639 CE-Egypt invaded and conquered by Muslim Arabs; Arabs Cairo becomes seat of Califate; Arabs remain in control for next 600 years • c. 1250 CE-Mamluks take control; Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies • 1517 -Ottoman Turks conquer Egypt after which it becomes a province of the Ottoman Empire and remains connected to the Ottomans till 1914 • 1798 -Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt; holds it for 2 yrs. Four years of anarchy follows • 1805 Mohamed Ali (known as “Founder of Modern Egypt”) takes control and holds it for 43 yrs!

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1811 -1831 -Ali captures Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan and parts of Ethopia • 1840 -increasing power of Ali alarms European powers; they intercede in Ali’s forays • 1847 -Ali dies; string of family successions follow; debt increases to point that Egypt can borrow no more; Europe steps in • 1875 -Ali family sells their Suez Canal shares to the British Government; British & French appointed to Parliament to monitor finances • 1879 -1882 -Foreign involvement leads to local uprising; British/French invade; Egypt becomes British protectorate; British involvement till 1954 • 1919 -first modern revolution; UK government issues a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922; Republic 1954

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1956 -Nasser assumes power as President • 1956 nationalizes the Suez Canal prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis • 1967 Six Day War, Israel invades and occupies Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip • 1970 -3 years later President Nasser dies and succeeded by Anwar Sadat • 1972 -Sadat switches Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expels Soviet advisors; launches the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition • 1977 -Sadat makes historic visit to Israel; leads to 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Fundamentalist military soldier assassinates Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He is succeeded by Hosni Mubarak

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • In 2003, Movement launched to oppose Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms/greater civil liberties • January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government; February 2011 -Mubarak resigns • Feb 2011 -VP Omar Suleiman announces Mubarak stepped down/military assume short term control nation's affairs; Celebrations breaks out in Tahrir Square • February 2011, high level military command announces that both the constitution and the parliament have been dissolved • November 2011, Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power; in July 2012, new president Mohamed Morsi elected • August 2012, Prime Minister announces new 35 member cabinet; 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood

LIMESTONE IN NORTHERN EGYPT? 105 mya

CRATONS

LIMESTONE FROM CORAL REEFS