Egypt Desalination Research Center EDRC Desert Research Center

Egypt Desalination Research Center (EDRC) Desert Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt Desalination: Future of fresh water in Egypt By Hosam, A. Shawky Professor of desalination & water resources Director, EDRC Cairo, Egypt 2016 Email: shawkydrc@hotmail. com Hashawky@edrc. gov. eg Tel. : +2 01002930710; fax: +2 -0226389069.

Classification of water according to salinity Fresh Brackish Saline <1500 mg/L 1500 -5000 mg/L > 5000 mg/L

Water Shortage problem.

Water Shortage problem.

Water Shortage in Egypt

Resources of Drinking water in Egypt (9. 1 billion m 3/year) Surface water (88 %) Ground water (11 %) Desalination (0. 6 %)

WHY DESALINATION? q Desalination can play a large role in increasing the supply of fresh water in both developing and developed nations q Desalination is the process of removing salt and other dissolved solids from water in order to produce water suitable either for human consumption or agricultural purposes and industrial processes q Desalination not only pertains to sea and ocean water but also to brackish water such as agricultural and industrial waters.

Desalination by the numbers: Worldwide 18, 426 86. 8 million m 3/day 150 300 million The total number of desalination plants worldwide Capacity of desalination plants The number of countries where desalination is practiced The number of people around the world who rely on desalinated water for some

Current state of desalination plants in Egypt

Current state of desalination plants in Egypt Plant site Current (m 3/day) By 2037 (m 3/day) North Sinai 13, 960 138, 960 South Sinai 45, 000 247, 000 Red Sea 20, 600 490, 870 Matruh 64, 500 232, 500 El Galala mountain -- 150, 000 Alamine -- 150, 000 144, 060 1, 559, 330 Total (m 3/day)

Red Sea governorate

Marsa Matruh governorate

North Sinai governorate

South Sinai governorate

Desalination technologies Two Major types of processes: Membrane: • Reverse Osmosis (RO) (~ 60% of global desalination capacity) • Forward Osmosis (FO) • Electrodialysis (EDR) Thermal: • Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) • Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) (~26. 8% of global capacity) • Vapor Compression • Membrane Distillation

Energy consumption of seawater desalination methods Desalination Method Multi-stage Flash MSF Multi-Effect Distillation MED Mechanical Vapor Compression MVC Total equivalent electrical energy (k. Wh/m 3) 13. 5– 25. 5 6. 5– 11 7– 12

Reverse osmosis phenomena

RO Desalination capacities

The problems facing desalination sector High cost Know-how of membrane technology Brine disposal discharge

Capital cost of RO desalination plant Item Cost Investment cost 1200$/m 3 Power consumption 3. 5 kwh/m 3 Membrane 20%/year Chemicals 0. 03$/m 3 Maintenance 2% from investment cost/year 0. 03$/m 3 Labor

Cost of RO desalination plant components Item Cost sheering High pressure pump 36. 8% Membrane (element & vessel) 15. 8 High pressure piping 2. 6% Controllers 4% Design, construction & testing 5. 3% Containers 10. 5% Pre-treatment (pumps, filters, network piping and controllers) 22. 4%

Our achievements

Egypt Desalination Research Center of Excellence (EDRC) Project funded by Egypt Science & Technology Development Fund (STDF) PI: Hosam Ahmed Shawky Desert Research Center Project duration: 3 Years

The mission of EDRC is to conduct research for the development of cost-effective, robust desalination technologies that produce sustainable new supplies of water for different purposes. Moreover, the Center is seek to bring together scientists, engineers, water policy-makers and water system operators in Egypt, Middle East and Africa region to work on areas of research that will reduce the cost of desalination.

Egypt Desalination Research Center of Excellence (EDRC)

Egyptian Desalination Research Center of Excellence (EDRC) A Casting machine C Rolling machine B Coating machine D RO Element

Local Development and Manufacturing of a Small Mobile Solar RO Water Desalination Plant to be deployed in Northwest Coast of Egypt Project funded by Misr El Kheir Foundation PI: Hosam Ahmed Shawky Desert Research Center Project duration: 2 Years

The project was focused on designing, implementing and testing of an efficient cost effective battery less mobile photovoltaic powered groundwater reverse-osmosis (PV-RO) desalinating unit. This unit is capable of desalinating brackish and saline groundwater with TDS up to seawater and produces 11 m 3/day of potable water per day that complies with international standards.

Development of a mobile standalone solar driven reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant for sustainable development in Shalateen Project funded by Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) PI: Hosam Ahmed Shawky Desert Research Center Project duration: 12 months

This project focuses on the integration of saline water and seawater RO desalination and solar photovoltaic (PV). A small mobile PV driven modular RO desalination plant prototype was designed, built and field-tested. To maximize the energy yield of the renewable hybrid system a simple tracking system for the PV unit is developed. Shalateen represent the candidate areas suggested for field application for our prototype. RO plant will be designed so as to produce up to 21 m 3/day of potable water. Mobility of the system will serve to provide a safe and stable drinking water source for many isolated areas in Shalateen.

Water Desalination Alliance Project funded by ASRT Fund: 10 million Project duration: 2 years PI: Hosam Shawky

DRC (Coordinator) Sakr Factory BUE COE Assiut University ADST Alexandria University ARECO Military Factory 270 Misr El. Kheir Water Desalination Alliance Holding company PI: Hosam A. Shawky Funded by: ASRT Duration 2 years The main aim of the Alliance will be to exchange knowledge and to reduce the unit cost of water through local manufacturing of desalination equipment. Achievement of such aim will depend on the collaboration of the partners either individually or as small or large groups. Personal and infra-structure capabilities of different partners will assure the

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