EFFECTIVE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS A few examples
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EFFECTIVE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS
A few examples of Instructional Aids 1. Actual Objects, Materials, Instruments 2. Working Models 3. Demonstration Experiment Demonstration Models (Not Working) 4. Videos 5. PPT with Animations 6. PPT without Animations 7. Chalkboard 8. Smart Board
Tips for effective use • Appropriate and very close to the concept or topic • Motivating the students to the lesson or topic • Facilitating Interaction among students • Facilitating active learning among students • Without interaction, the instructional aids serve limited purpose • How not to use PPT or Video in the class ( Action research and feedback from the students of Richard Felder and my own experience )
Blackboard –The best contributor to learning “The inventor or introducer of the blackboard deserves to be ranked among the best contributors to learning, if not among the best benefactors of mankind. ” -- Josiah Bumstead, 1841
Why is Chalkboard effective in Teaching-Learning Process?
“When Blackboard is used effectively in the class, it is a force, making a sense of unity in the class. When all eyes are focused on the blackboard, the class is united with itself and with the teacher. This sense of unity is important as it improves the teacher’s ability to teach and the pupils’ capacity to learn” ( Reference: Handbook for History Teachers in West Africa, R. E. Crookall, Evans Brothers Limited, 1960 )
• It is a medium of interaction between teacher & students. It is a Visual Teaching Aid • Ease of presentation • Self Pacing possible • Allows flexibility and spontaneity • Student Involvement • Organization of the lesson, Building up the story
• Notes - taking by the students • To develop students’ drawing skills • Lesson Coherence • Helps structured Teaching Style • Gain attention and interest of students in the subject • Retention of the subject • Helps in classroom management
Some other reasons to use the Chalkboard: • To plan, control and pace the interaction and discussion • As a work space for brain storming, problem solving, practice and discussion • For visual presentation of the course material • To compare and contrast different theories and analyses
Examples from different subjects • Maths: Working out problems step by active participation of students • Physics: Derivations, working out problems • Chemistry, Pharmacy: Stoichiometry, chemical equations, chemical formulae, structures, mechanism of reactions • Botany and Zoology: Drawing diagrams and expln
• Engineering Graphics: Explain the skills of engineering drawing • Civil Engg: Designs, problems, mathematical eqns • Electrical engineering, ECE: Drawing circuits • Computer Programing: Teaching programming languages, Theory of computation
• Management, History: To facilitate discussion, Brain Storming • Economics : To compare and contrast different theories and analyses • Commerce: To work out problems, Credit-Debit analysis • English, Telugu, Hindi: Grammar, New vocabulary
Types of matter to be written on the Chalkboard: • Outline of the plan for the day’s class • New terms and definitions • Statements of hypotheses (Brief) • Drawing graphs • Formulae, equations, derivations • Working out the solutions to problems • Concepts and ideas that advance the discussion
Planning the use of chalkboard in the class • Erase the chalkboard completely at the start of the class. • Use zones on the board for specific purposes For eg; Left edge of the board for the outline of the class plan Right edge for writing brief statements of conclusions Middle zone (large area) for developing the unknown lesson content based on the interaction in the class • Use zones consistently in a class and erase the matter, zone wise • Think about when you will erase a particular zone. Don’t erase a zone if you will need the material in that zone again later • Plan before hand when and where you will write a particular material
Mechanics of using the chalkboard • Write legibly with letter size large enough to be read clearly by any student sitting in the farthest bench in the class • Posture important: Stand at 45 degrees to the board As you write, students must be able to note down Move your body, as you write Bend at knees when writing low • Coloured Chalks: On a green glass chalkboard, yellow chalks are good for headings. White chalks are good for all other material. Don’t use more than three colours • Underlining: Underline main headings and sub headings
Mechanics Rectangular boxes: Put most important conclusions, final equation of a derivation rectangular boxes, definitions in rectangular boxes. Students will find it easy to understand when they refer to the notes during revision later. Abbreviations: use abbreviations of names only after you introduced them in full form Writing and explanation must go hand in hand
Tools for drawing shapes , figures etc Ruler, Compass and other devices to drawings, different shapes, graphs, diagrams etc. when necessary Organize and practice using chalkboard in advance Use a pointer while discussing the chalkboard material Present the material simply and briefly
Quality of Chalks and how to use them • Dust less chalks • Holding the chalks • Enough chalks in the class room including colored ones • Quality of dusters
• Chalkboard set-up • Chalkboard size: • Sliding Boards: • Distance between Chalkboard and first row: • Periodical painting of the board:
How not to use the Chalkboard • Do not write large procedures or descriptions • Do not write irrelevant information • Do not over write • Do not scribble • Do not stand in front of the material what you just wrote • Do not erase the material on the board too soon after you wrote
SMART BOARD - INTERACTIVE WHITE BOARD • Most Important Tool for Active Learning inigital classrooms • Videos, PPTs, Discussion, Interaction can be integrated. • Smart Board and Wi-Fi Connectivity together can make a Complete Digital Classroom, which facilitates active learning
Smart Board consists of • • Touch - Sensitive White Board Computer Software LCD projector
• Still not cost effective for use in all classrooms in many institutions • Other operational and management problems of Smartboards in higher educational institutions ?
Concluding Remarks • Chalkboard is going to be still there in Higher Education for at least a few more years to come. • If a teacher has the skill of using the chalkboard effectively, he can make his classroom teaching and learning among students very effective • Once the Smart boards, Computers and Projectors become cost effective, Use of Complete Digital Classrooms will become a reality in a large number of Institutions in India • Still, it is only a tool of learning. It is only the dedicated and committed teachers, who plan using it meticulously to facilitate active learning among students at higher cognitive levels.
THANK YOU Questions
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