Effective http www eng fju edu twiacd2005 Fpublicspeakingindex

Effective http: //www. eng. fju. edu. tw/iacd_2005 F/public_speaking/index. htm

Two Introductions (Payne 97)

Introduction 1 § It’s later this afternoon. You and a friend have stopped at a nearby restaurant for a snack. As you laugh about the prank you played on a friend earlier in the day, you hear someone yell, “Help! Oh, no. I think she’s dying. ” § You look up to see people scrambling out of their chairs. They are all headed in the direction of a woman who is choking. Everyone is running around. No one is doing anything. § But you listened to this speech so you know what to do. You know about the Heimlich Maneuver and you become the hero of the day.

Introduction 2 § Everyone eats. And every time we put food in our mouths we run the risk of choking. Many people die each year from choking on food. Today I want to teach you how to save the life of a person who is choking.

Presentation Outline § § Attention Getters & Motivators Preview Conclusions In Brief

AMP: An Effective Introduction § 1. Attention Getter: § Gets the audience’s attention. § 2. Motivator: § Makes the audience aware of the topic’s importance. § 3. PREVIEW!!! § § § 1) Introduces the topic. 2) Presents thesis 3) Forecasts the major points in the speech

6 Other Tips § 1. Establishes the speaker’s credibility. § 2. Establishes common ground § 3. Establishes a good rapport with the audience. (promote good will) § 4. Sets a Tone (Payne) § 5. Refer to the occasion, audience, a local event, or some other part of the program § 6. Compliment the audience (Fletcher 298).

Attention Getters & Motivators 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quotations Rhetorical questions References to history, audience, self Humor Startling statement Incident (Payne 100 -103)

1. Quotations President John F. Kennedy once said, “The United States must move very fast to even stand still. ” Since President Kennedy made that observation over thirty years ago, the advances in technology have made it even more important for this country to prepare its students for a competitive world. (Payne 101)

Classified Quotes § As a child, a library card takes you to exotic, faraway places. When you're grown up, a credit card does it. -- Sam Ewing (Readers Digest, Dec, 1997) § Computers will never take the place of books. You can't stand on a floppy disk to reach a high shelf. Sam Ewing (Amusing quotes on computers http: //www. amusingquotes. com/) § "I've never let my school interfere with my education. " (Mark Twain)

§ Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult. -- Charlotte Whitton (quoted in Canada Monthly, Jun 1963) § Women have a passion for mathematics. They divide their age in half, double the price of their clothes, and always add at least five years to the age of their best friend. -- Marcel Achard § All men are not homeless, but some men are home less than others. -- Henry Youngman § A man in the house is worth two in the street. -- Mae West

Leadership Quotes http: //www. heartquotes. net/Leadership. html Christina Baldwin “To work in the world lovingly means that we are defining what we will be for, rather than reacting to what we are against. ” Robert K. Greenleaf “The only test of leadership is that somebody follows. ” Lance Secretan, Industry Week, 10/12/98 “Leadership is not so much about technique and methods as it is about opening the heart. Leadership is about inspiration—of oneself and of others. Great leadership is about human experiences, not processes. Leadership is not a formula or a program, it is a human activity that comes from the heart and considers the hearts of others. It is an attitude, not a routine. ”

Quotes for Graduation “The fireworks begin today. Each diploma is a lighted match, each one of you is a fuse. ” - Ed Koch “Graduation is only a concept. In real life every day you graduate. Graduation is a process that goes on until the last day of your life. If you can grasp that , you'll make a difference. ” - Arie Pencovici “Great minds have purposes, others have wishes. ” - Washington Irving

Quotations--Resources § The Quotations Page - Your Source for Famous Quotes Your source for quotations from famous people and literature. Search or browse over 22000 quotations from thousands of authors. Includes the popular Quotes. . . § Quotations in the Yahoo! Directory § Search sites featuring famous quotes, sayings, quips, phrases, and proverbs. Find quotes by a particular person, for a special occasion, or on themes such. . . § Dictionary of Quotations § searchable database of famous quotes from great leaders, scientists, philosophers, entertainers, and more. Organized by subject and author.

2. Rhetorical Questions Definition: A question or a series of questions you ask to stimulate the audience’s thinking. Examples: § If corn oil comes from corn, where does baby oil come from? § If there is no God, who pops up the next Kleenex in the box? § How did a fool and his money GET together? § What's another word for thesaurus? § Why do they sterilize the needles for lethal injections? § Why is there an expiration date on my sour cream container? § Why do they call it a TV set when you only get one? § (Cited from Lazr. Chet's Humor: Rhetorical Questions)

Example Using Questions § “How would you feel if you could not join your family at dinner because you were unable to get through the door of the restaurant? Think what it would be like if you could not cross an intersection because the curbs were too high. Imagine not being able to attend the church of your choice because of the decorative stairs leading to the entrance. § Picture yourself frustrated and humiliated because of these and a hundred other barriers you cannot overcome. You are now seeing yourself as many of the 11. 3 million handicapped people in America see themselves. ” § (Lucas 170)

Reference to History, Audience, or Self § Reference to History “Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. ” (King “I Have a Dream”) § Reference to self “Forty years ago when I graduated from high school, the world was a different place than it is for graduates today. Computers had not taken over the world. Students did not have to prepare to change jobs or careers at least six times in their lives. ” (Payne 101)

Reference to History, Audience, or Self § Reference to the audience § “I have many friends to thank tonight. I thank the voters who supported me. I thank the gallant men who entered the contest for the presidency this year, and who have honored me with their support. And, for their kind and stirring words, I thank Governor Tom Kean of New Jersey - Senator Phil Gramm of Texas - President Gerald Ford - and my friend, President Ronald Reagan. § I accept your nomination for President. I mean, I mean to run hard, to fight hard, to stand on the issues - and I mean to win. ” (George H. W. Bush: 1988 Republican National Convention Acceptance Address)

Humor & Communication in Fun "The most favorable condition for comic pleasure is a generally happy disposition in which one is in the mood for laughter. In happy toxic states almost everything seems comic. We laugh at the expectation of laughing, at the appearance of one who is presenting the comic material (sometimes even before he [she] attempts to make us laugh), and finally, we laugh at the recollection of having laughed. " (Freud Qtd. “Get Them in Fun”)

Humor & Serious Issues § “When the speakers contrast the seriousness of a problem with the lightness of a joke, they can emphasize a message quickly. ” (Payne 101) *Avoid personal offense.

Humor & Leadership § “Business executives and political leaders have embraced humor because humor works. Humor has gone from being an admirable part of a leader's character to a mandatory one. ” § (Bob Orben, Special Assistant to President Gerald Ford and Former Director of the White House Speech writing Department. Qtd. “Why Use Humor”

How to Make a Point with Humor 1. Make your point. 2. Illustrate your point (in our example below we're using a humorous two-liner, but you could use props, humorous props, funny stories, serious stories, case studies, etc. ) 3. Restate your point. (Advanced Public Speaking Institute) Example: 'The Importance of Communication. ' § 1. First make your point by saying, “Accurate and clear communication is an important part of our everyday lives. ” § 2. Then illustrate your point. In this case use a humorous twoliner. “It's like the student pilot who was asked over the radio to state his altitude and location. He said, 'I'm five feet nine and I'm in the left seat. ' § 3. Then restate your point in a slightly different manner by saying, You can see how what we may think is clear communication could be interpreted incorrectly especially when people are under pressure.

College Humor § It is always darkest. . . just before you flunk a test. Two college seniors had a week of exams coming up. They decided to party instead. Their biggest exam was on Wednesday and they showed up telling the professor that their car had broken down the night before due to a very flat tire and they needed a bit more time to study. The professor told them that they could have another day to study. That evening, both of the boys crammed all night until they were sure that they knew just about everything. Arriving to class the next morning, each boy was told to go to two separate classrooms to take the exam. Each boy just shrugged and went to two different parts of the building. As each sat down, they read the directions: § "For 5 points, explain the contents of an atom. For 95 points, tell me WHICH tire it was!"

Startling Statement § “Stop! Before you take another bite out of a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, think about the fact that it may be slowly killing you. How? Simple. There is a natural substance in peanut known as aflatoxin that could cause cancer. But then, you ask, what in our food doesn’t cause cancer? ” (Payne 102) § “Attention! The head of the American League is in favor of Medicare!” § (Fletcher 278 qtd. Larry King’s book Larry King yelled to the Miami City Council, with lots of retired people as audience who are there for entertainment & lobbying for senior citizens— when he was invited to talk about brining baseball to Miami. )

§ “Ladies and gentlemen, there has been a change of plans. Instead of graduating from school, you are going to be doing something else—something very different. I am asking you right now to change your plans. I want you to put three simple words on your calendar in the near future. The words are…World War III. ” § (Lucas The Art of Public Speaking 171)

Incident § “One night, last year, a friend of mine was walking to her car. Suddenly she was attacked. She wasn’t hurt badly. In fact, she was more shocked and frightened than hurt. But this made me think about my own safety. I decided to take a class in self-defense. I found there are several basic ways people can protect themselves. Today, I’d like to show you two ways you can stop someone from attacking you. ” (qtd. From Porter)

Preview 1. After a hard day at work or school, we all like to relax, don’t we? (general topic of relaxation) 2. Each of you probably has your own favorite way to relax (specific topic: ways of relaxation). 3. Perhaps you like to listen to music, or maybe you like to have a hot cup of tea and read the newspaper. (ways) 4. Now these are certainly good ways to relax, but not for me. 5. You may think I’m crazy, but when I want to relax, I like to go out and run ten miles. 6. By running, I get rid of built-in tension and, at the same time, I meet new people. (preview 2 reasons for running) (Cited from Porter, Patricia et. al. Communicating Effectively in English Oral Communication for Non-native Speakers 81)

4 Tasks in Conclusion § § Get to your point Summarize specific, precise points Finish with something we’ll remember. But most of all—Finish, please. § (Fletcher 300)

Conclusions— RTFCM § § § 1. Review of Your Main Points 2. Use the Attention Getter Techniques. 3. Return to theme of Your attention getter. 4. Look to the Future. 5. Call for Action 6. Memorable lines or images

Review: Summary of Your Main Points § “So now we know that the three elements of eliminating the body of toxins are eliminating or reducing animal foods, keeping ourselves well hydrated, and also adopting a natural whole food diet. Because, as Hippocrates said, “Wellness starts within ourselves. ” So, we have to be our own physician. Thank you, and be well. ” (Verderber 223)

Review Key Points—with repetitions § Four reasons, ladies and gentlemen, stand out as to why we must not let the incumbent mayor continue in office. § § § He must not continue because he is dishonest. He must not continue because he is prejudiced. He must not continue because he is hard to work with. § And he must not continue because he is out of date.

§ Review Key points & Return to Theme: § After two billion dollars, six years, countless work hours, and more scientific genius than had ever been accumulated at one time in human history, the script was written. And a new kind of war more horrible than ever before had been invented. § In 1947, Secretary of War Henry Stimson summed up how the Manhattan Project had changed our lives: “The face of war is the face of death…. War in the 20 th century has grown steadily more barbarous, more destructive, more debased in all its aspects. Now, with the release of atomic energy, man’s ability to destroy himself is very nearly complete. The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ended a war. They also made it wholly clear that we must never have another war. ” § Despite the controversy over nuclear weapons, one thing is sure. The Manhattan Project is a story of men and women committed to scientific discovery and patriotism. It is a story worth retelling. (“The Manhattan Project” Payne)

Return to the Theme--PS § “Those, then, are some special, insider’s tips on how to make a good speech. Remember the two simple guides I suggested at the opening of the speech —to give a good speech, have a good beginning and have a good ending. There’s one more tip—keep them close together!” (Fletcher 299)

Return to the Theme in Intro. § Now, I begin this speech by commenting Now, I to you on the uniqueness of a Barbara Jordan making the keynote address. § Well I am going to close my speech by Well I am going to quoting a Republican President and I ask you that as you listen to these words of Abraham Lincoln, relate them to the concept of national community in which every last one of us participates:

§ “ As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea not be a master. This expresses my of Democracy. Whatever differs from this, to the extent of the difference is no Democracy. ” § ---Abraham Lincoln

Look to the Future 1. “Some men see things as they are, and ask, “Why? ” I dare to dream of things that never were, and ask, “Why not? ” (Robert Browning qtd. Fletcher 299)

2. “Thus we have seen the past and the present of our problems of mass transportation. But what of the future? It is in your hands, ladies and gentlemen; you, as our city council, can write the future of transportation through the vote you are now about to cast. May your decision not be based on a misty look at the past, not a blurred glance at the present. But rather, may your decision be based on a clear vision of our future. ” (Fletcher 299)

Call for Action § “Tonight I ask everyone in this chamber—and every American—to look into their hearts, spark their hopes, and fire their imaginations. There is so much good, so much possibility, so much excitement in our nation. If we act boldly as leaders should, our legacy will be one of progress and prosperity. This, then, is American’s new direction. Let us summon our courage to seize the day. § Thank you very much. Good night. And may God bless America. § President Bill Clinton “Address to the Joint Session of Congress, Washington D. C. (Fletcher 299)

Memorable Lines & Images § “If fortune drives the master forth an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against danger, to fight against his enemies. And when the last scene of all comes, and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by the graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even in death. ” (“A Tribute to the Dog”)

Memorable Lines § Science has taught us how to put the atom to work. But to make it work for good instead of for evil lies in the domain of dealing with the principles of human duty. We are now facing a problem more of ethics than of physics. § The solution will require apparent sacrifice in pride and in position, but better pain as the price of peace than death as the price of war.

To Conclude… § It is recommended by Fletcher that a speech be arranged with the following formula § I. Introduction 10 -15 % § II. Discussion 80% § III. Conclusion 10% or less

§ We have learned AMP for Introductions § We have learned 4 tasks for Conclusions

§ Our explorations into the skills for effective introductions and conclusions have come to an end, but our explorations into the great speaker within ourselves have just begun.

§ Let us refer to the 80% of our speech and work on the last 20% of it, one which decides if our audience will listen to us and the other, if they ever remember it.

References Advanced Public Speaking Institute. <http: //www. public-speaking. org/public-speaking -pointwithhumor-article. htm> Amusing quotes on computers http: //www. amusingquotes. com/) Copeland, Lewis, and Lawrence W. Lamm. The World’s Great Speeches. Third Enlarged Ed. Mineola, N. Y. : Dover, 1973. Dictionary of Quotations Fletcher, Leon. How to Design and Deliver a Speech. Sixth Ed. New York: Longman, 1998. Heart Quotes Center. <http: //www. heartquotes. net/Leadership. html> Lucas, Stephen E. The Art of Public Speaking. 3 rd. Ed. Singapore: Mc. Grew-Hill, 1989. Microsoft Power. Point - public-spkng-workshop Payne, James, and Diana Prentice Carlin. Getting Started in Public Speaking. 3 rd Ed. Lincolnwood: National Textbook Company, 1994. Porter, Patricia A. , Margaret Grant, and Mary Draper. Communicating Effectively in English Oral Communication for Non-Native Speakers. Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1985. Quotations in the Yahoo! Directory The Quotations Page - Your Source for Famous Quotes Verderber, Rudolph. The Challenge of Effective Speaking. Eleventh Ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson, 2000.