Effective English for Colleges 11 th Edition Hulbert

Effective English for Colleges 11 th Edition Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12 EFFECTIVE SENTENCES © 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING

Learning Objectives 1 To identify the elements that make sentences complete 2 To identify and correct sentence faults 3 To compose sentences that express their intended meaning Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 2

c e C o n A sentence is a group of related words that st • Contains a subject and a predicate ru clause • Forms an independent ct thought • Expresses a complete io n PREDICATE SUBJECT • Simple subject • Complete subject • Simple predicate • Complete predicate Refer to CHECKPOINT 1. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Refer to CHECKPOINT 2. Chapter 12, Slide 3

Sentence Faults § Fragment—a “piece” of a sentence but not a complete sentence Refer to CHECKPOINT 3. § Comma splice—two or more independent clauses incorrectly connected (spliced) by a comma § Run-on sentence—two or more independent clauses joined without appropriate punctuation to separate the clauses Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 4

1 2 3 4 lic e an d Ru n. Use a comma and a coordinating On conjunction to connect the independent clauses. Re Insert a period to separate m the independent clauses into two sentences. ed Insert a semicolon to connect closely related independent clauses (sometimes add a ie conjunctive adverb). s Subordinate one of the independent clauses when appropriate. 5 Reword the sentence. Refer to CHECKPOINT 4. Refer to Application 12 -1 through 12 -3. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 5

Sentence Coherence Place modifiers correctly. Ensure clear pronoun-antecedent references. Use parallel construction. Choose appropriate words. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 6

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers § A misplaced modifier modifies the wrong word or phrase. § A dangling modifier occurs when an introductory verbal phrase does not modify the logical subject of the independent clause that follows. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 7

Pronoun-Antecedent Reference § An antecedent is the noun to which a pronoun refers. § A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in è Person è Number è Gender Refer to CHECKPOINT 6. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 8

Parallelism and Word Choice § A parallel sentence joins equal elements and places conjunctions near joined elements. § Correct, familiar, and gender-free words aid coherence. è Select correct words for accurate messages. è Use familiar words for better understanding. è Replace gender-biased language to avoid distraction and stereotyping. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 7 through 10. Refer to APPLICATIONS 12 -4 through 12 -7. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 9

Additional Characteristics of Effective Sentences Positive tone Active voice Specific words Concise expressions Refer to CHECKPOINTS 11 through 14. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 10

More Guidelines for Writing Effective Sentences § Indicate the importance of an idea by using appropriate clause types and sentence structure. § Vary sentence structure and sentence length to maintain receiver interest. Refer to CHECKPOINT 15. Refer to APPLICATIONS 12 -8 through 12 -10. Refer to CHAPTER 12 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE. Effective English for Colleges, 11 e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 11