Education at a Glance 2015 Estonia Soumaya Maghnouj

Education at a Glance 2015 Estonia Soumaya Maghnouj Release date: 24 November 2015 1

Education at a Glance 2015 • The 25 th edition of Education at a Glance • Authoritative source for information on the state of education around the world. • Published only few weeks after adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) • Internationally comparable statistics How does Estonia compare to other OECD and partner countries?

Education in Estonia starts early and is mainly offered in public institutions

Isr a F r ite B an el d e c N Ki lgiu e ew ng m Ze do a m Ic land el a Sp nd N ai or n w ay I Sw ta Ge ed ly e D rma n en n m y a Ko rk r Es e a N Slo ton et v ia he en rla ia n La ds EU 21 J tvia av apa Ru Po era n ss r g ia n Hu tug e O Fe ng al EC de a D r ry Lu av atio xe er n m ag Sl bo e ov ak Fi ur Re nla g Cz pu nd ec A h u blic Re st pu ria Po blic l I an Un rela d ite C nd d hi St le M ate Au exi s In str co d a Co one lia lo sia m b Br ia Sw T az Sa itz urk il ud er ey i A lan ra d bi a Un Some 87 % of 3 -year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education Enrolment rates at age 4 (ISC 02 +ISC 1) Chart C 2. 1. Enrolment rates at age 3 and 4 in early childhood education (2013) Enrolment rates at age 3 in pre-primary education (ISC 02) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Large proportions of children are enrolled in public preprimary schools in Estonia Chart C 2. 3. Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in early childhood education (2013) % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 R n In do ne N si ew a Ze al an d Ja pa lia tr a om A us gd na U ni te d K in C hi ay or w el N ra Is ag e er av EC D O EU 21 av e ra ge s nd la ia N et he r k us tr A ar m en D en ed y an d Sw el Ic ke Tu r da an d nl Fi an a nd itz er la ub l Sw ep R ak ov C ic a en i ov Sl Sl us si an Fe de ra tio n 0

Information and communications technology is changing the learning experience in Estonia… but teachers feel underprepared to use ICT in the classroom

Studens in Estonia access the internet at an early age Chart D 8. 1. How old were 15 year-olds students when they first accessed the Internet? (PISA 2012) 6 years old or younger 10 -12 years old 7 -9 years old 13 years old or older Netherlands Denmark Israel Norway Sweden Hong Kong (China) Estonia New Zealand Iceland Finland Australia Singapore Spain OECD average Belgium Liechtenstein Slovenia Chile Latvia Korea Chinese Taipei Portugal Macao (China) Uruguay Costa Rica Hungary Jordan Switzerland Poland Shanghai (China) Austria Croatia Italy Germany Czech Republic Ireland Japan Mexico Turkey Greece Slovak Republic Serbia Russian Federation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

or e Ita Ko ly re Br a Sl ov S az ak we il R de ep n ub li C c hi Fr le a U C nc ni a e n t M ed a ac S da ao ta (C tes hi n Ja a) p Au a st n r H Es alia on to g Ko Po nia C ng rtug hi (C a n O es hin l EC e a D Ta ) R av ipe us si D era i an e g Fe nm e de ar k C rati ol on om Ire bia Sl lan ov d Be eni lg a N ium or w Au ay G str er ia m an y U Sha I s ni n ra te g e d ha Sp l Ar i ab (C ain Em hin a ir ) H ate un s g Po ary la nd ng ap Si Boys in Estonia perform better in digital reading than paper reading Mean score-point difference Boys Chart D 8. 3 Mean score-point difference between paper-and-pencil and computer-delivered reading test 1 (PISA 2012). 15 -year-old students, by gender Girls 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35

si a I t G al eo y r Ic gia el an B d ra Ja zil Sw pa n ed Fr en an c K e or e Is a r Es ae to l M nia e B xic ul o ga C ria ro a Se tia rb La ia Sl ov D tv ak en ia R ma ep rk O R ub EC o lic D ma av ni er a R us N age o si an F rwa i Fe nl y N de and ew ra - t N Z io C et eal n ze h an ch erl d R and ep s ub l Sp ic A a us in tr al i C a hi C l Si yp e B n el ga rus gi po u A m Po re bu (F la D lan nd ha d bi ers (U ) U Po AE ni r ) te tu d ga St l En ate gl s an d ay al M Almost one in four teachers in Estonia feels a need for further training in how to use ICT in the classroom Chart D 8. 4 Percentage of lower secondary education teachers who report having a high level of need for professional development to improve their ICT skills for teaching % 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

The teaching profession is experiencing a generational turnover…. …which makes the need to attract and retain talented young professionals more important than ever

Estonia is experiencing a generational turnover in the teaching profession Chart D 5. 2 Age distribution of teachers in upper secondary education (2013) < 30 years % 30 -39 years 40 -49 years ≥ 50 years China Indonesia Brazil Canada Korea Portugal United Kingdom Ireland Poland Luxembourg Chile Belgium Hungary United States Japan Slovenia Spain Israel France OECD average EU 21 average Colombia Slovak Republic Greece Switzerland Austria Sweden Finland New Zealand Germany Czech Republic Norway Latvia Estonia Netherlands Italy 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Between 2000 and 2013, Estonia experienced the highest increase in teachers' salaries in real terms Chart D 3. 3. Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualifications 2013 2000 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Es to Po nia la n Is d ra Lu No el xe rw m ay bo u Tu rg r U Au ke ni s y te tra d St lia a M tes ex i Ire co G lan er d m S B w any el ed g e B ium n 1 el gi (F um r. ) D (F en l. ) m O EC Fi ark D nla av nd er a A ge us Sl tri ov a en K ia or Fr ea an ce Ita Ja ly pa Sp n Sc a ot in la Ic nd e En lan g d Po lan rt d u G gal r H eec un e ga La ry tv ia 50

Estonia is among countries with flat or compressed salary scale Chart D 3. 2. Annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs at different points in their careers (2013) Starting salary/typical qualifications Salary after 15 years of experience/typical qualifications Salary at top of scale/maximum qualifications 140 000 120 000 100 000 80 000 E 60 000 40 000 20 000 Lu xe m b G our er g m a U Den ny ni te ma d St rk a N tes or w a Sp y C ain an A ad N ust a et ra he li rla a n Ire ds la B Fin nd el gi lan um d (F B Au l. ) el gi str um ia (F O EC Sw r. ) e D d av en er Po ag rt e ug Fr al an c N ew I e ta Ze ly al a K nd or En ea 2 gl an Ja d Sc pa ot n la n Tu d rk Ic ey el Sl an ov d en M ia ex ic o Is ra G el re C ec ze ch C e R hil ep e C ubl ol om ic b Po ia Sl la ov E nd ak st R oni ep a u H bli un c ga ry 0

While the expenditure per students increased over time, Estonia experienced the largest fall of public expenditure on education as a share of GDP

Expenditure per student increased between 2005 and 2012 Chart B 1. 4. Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education Annual expenditure per student (2012, USD) CHE NOR USA ITA ISL UKM FRA SWE NLD BEL CAN JPN FIN ESP SVN IRE AUS POL POR EST HUN KOR CZE ISR RUS SVK CHL MEX TUR Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)

Estonia experienced the highest decrease of public expenditure on educational institutions Chart B 2. 4. Index of change between 2010 and 2012 in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP from primary to tertiary institutions. Change in public expenditure on educational institutions Index of change (2010=100) Change in Gross Domestic Product Change in public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 Estonia Hungary Portugal Spain Norway Australia Canada Italy United States Poland Slovak Republic EU 21 average France Slovenia Germany OECD average Ireland Mexico Iceland Sweden Japan Netherlands Korea Finland Belgium Switzerland Brazil Czech Republic Russian Federation Israel Turkey 80 Chile 85

Estonia has historically high attainment of tertiary education

th In Af do ric ne a B sia r C C azi os h l ta ina R ic a M Ital e Sa x y ud Tu ico i A rke ra y b C C ia ol hi Sl ov G om le C ak er bi ze R m a ch ep an R ub y ep li Po ub c r li H tug c un a Sl ga l ov ry A eni us a EU 21 Gr tria av eec er e a La ge N F tv ew in i a Ze lan al d Es an O EC I ton d D cel ia av an er d ag S D p e en ai m n Po ar l k Fr and N Be anc U eth lgi e ni er u te la m d nd St s Sw Sw ate itz ed s er en la Is nd A U us rae ni te N tra l d o lia K rw in a gd y Ire om Lu Lit la R xe hu nd us m an si bo ia an Fe Ca urg de na ra da t K ion or ea So u Estonia has historically high attainment of tertiary education % 70 60 Chart A 1. 2. Percentage of younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014) Proportion of the 25 -34 year-old population with tertiary education Proportion of the 55 -64 year-old population with tertiary education 50 40 30 20 10 0 - 10

an c C e Lu Ca hi xe na le m da bo 1 u Is rg Sw ra C ze e el ch Es den R ton e C pub ia ol l om ic A bia U u ni te B str d elg ia N Kin iu ew g m Ze dom al EU an 21 d av Ita l er y a Sp ge O EC I a D rel in av an G era d er g D ma e en n m y Sw Por ark itz tug er al N lan o d U F rw ni i a S R lo te nl y us v d a si ak St nd an R a t Fe epu es de bl r ic Sl atio ov n en La ia G tvia A ree us c tr e a K lia So or ut J ea h ap A an fr N Hu ica et n 1 he ga rla ry M nds e Tu xic rk o ey 1 Fr One in two students in Estonia who graduated with a doctorate earned it in either science or engineering Sciences Chart A 3. 4. Percentage of students who graduate from sciences and engineering at doctoral level (2013) Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Estonia has historically high attainment of tertiary education …. but earnings premium are low

C hi l C Bra e ol z o il H mb un ia g M ary ex Tu ico rk U C nit Ire ey ze ed la ch S nd R tat ep e Sl ov S ub s ak lo lic R ven ep ia u Po blic Po lan rt d O ug EC D Is al Lu av ra e EU xem era l 21 bo ge N av urg et er h Sw erl age itz and er s la Fr nd a A nce us t U Ja ria ni p te d S an K pa in i gd n G om re Fi ec nl e a K nd or ea I t C al an y N Be ad ew l a g Ze ium al Es an d A ton us i a D tra en li m a N ar or k Sw wa ed y en Earnings premium of tertiary educated individual in Estonia are low Chart A 6. 2. a Relative earnings for adults with tertiary education (upper secondary = 100) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

The earnings advantages are largest in countries with a small share of tertiary-educated people Chart A 6. 4. Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers and their share in the population (2013) 60 Israel 50 Luxembourg 1 Korea United States United Kingdom 7 Australia 6 Finland 6 Norway Ireland 3 Switzerland 1 Sweden Estonia 1 Belgium 1 Denmark New Zealand Spain 6 Netherlands 2, 4 OECD average France 5 Austria Slovenia Greece Japan 2, 6 Poland 2, 6 OECD average 40 30 Portugal Czech Republic Slovak Republic 20 OECD average % Hungary Colombia Chile 2, 5 Mexico 2, 6 Turkey 3 Italy 5 Brazil Relative earnings 0 26 0 24 0 22 0 20 0 18 0 16 0 14 0 12 0 10 10 Population with tertiary education Canada 6

Downward mobility in Estonia prevail over upward mobility Chart A 4. 1. Intergenerational mobility in education (2012) Downward mobility (lower educational attainment than the highest level reached by parents) Upward mobility to upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education % Upward mobility to tertiary education 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 16 30 10 22 R us si an K o Fe de rea ra tio n Po * la n Fi d nl an En d Ire gl an la nd d/ N. I Sp re ai la nd n (U K Fr ) an ce C an ad a Ja N p et he an rla Fl nd an de Av s er rs (B age el gi um D en ) m ar Es k to A nia us tr al i Sl ov No a rw ak a R ep y ub lic Ita Sw ly U e ni te de n C d ze St ch at e R ep s ub li G er c m an y A us tr ia 0

Estonia has historically high attainment of tertiary education …. but low proficiency levels in ICT skills

ICT skills profeciency is low in Estonia Chart A 5. 5. Percentage of adults with good information and communication technologies and problem-solving skills, by selected industry (2012) Human health and social work activities Manufacturing Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Education 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ra tio n* R ep ub lic Po la nd Es to ni a ov Fe de Sl an si us R ak nd lic Ire la ub ea ep R K or ch ed Sw ra ge ) A ve en C ze rs de an Fl gi el (B te ni um es at St d A us tr ia ar k m ay en y or w N an da er m G an a ) K pa n C D U . I (U an re la nd nl /N an d gl En Ja d s nd Fi rla he et N A us tr al ia 0

Vocational education at attracts less students in Estonia compared to EU average

ud Irela i A nd ra N ew B bia Ze raz al il a Ko nd Ic rea Au elan st d ra Sp lia a J in D ap en an H ma u r C ng k ol ar om y b E U st ia ni on te d C ia Ki h n ile G gdo er m m a C ny hi La na M tvia e Po xic O rtu o EC g F D ra al av nc er e ag EU In Isr e 21 don ael Av es e ia Sw rag ed e Tu en N rke or y Fi way nl N P and et ol Lu her an xe lan d m d b s Be our lg g iu m Sl Ita S o Sl w v ly ov it en ak ze ia R rlan ep d C u ze ch Au blic R str ep ia ub lic Sa More than six in ten students are enrolled in general programmes General programmes Chart C 1. 2. Distribution of 15 -19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education, by programme orientation (2013) Vocational programmes 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Wide earnings gap between men and women

Women are more likely than men to be enrolled in tertiary education Chart A 10. 1 Percentage of 25 -34 year-olds who have attained tertiary education, by gender (2014) Men % Women 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 R R ic a In do ne si a co os ta ex i C M er m an y bi a G a C ol ra om bi lic ud i. A Sa R ep ub ug al ov ak Po rt G re ec e nd la er itz er ag e Sw n ai av Sp EC D nc a en i Fr a k ov ar Sl m um gi el D en a vi B La t en ed el Sw ra Is rg bo u io n at xe m Lu e O Sl us si an Fe de r K or ea 0

Tetriary-educated women's salaries are lagging behind their men counterparts Chart A 10. 6. Earnings of 35 -44 year-olds tertiary-educated women as a percentage of the earnings of men of the same age and educational attainment (2013 or most recent year available) % 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 ub ep R k va Sl o el Is ra lic il az Br nd la Po ex ic o a M er av D Au st ri ag e l ga rtu EC an d Po O ew Ze al w or re ay ec e N N d te ni U G ol Ki n gd om bi om a ia C en Sl ov en ed g Sw ur bo m xe Lu Be lg iu m 50

Education at a Glance 2015 http: //www. oecd. org/education-at-a-glance-19991487. htm www. oecd. org/edu soumaya. maghnouj@oecd. org Follow us on: @OECDEdu. Skills @Edu. Skills OECD @ Edu. Skills OECD