EDU 230 EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Abiola AKINGBEMISILU Course Outline

EDU 230 EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Abiola AKINGBEMISILU

Course Outline (Part One) § Definition of Education, Curriculum and Society. § Definition of Technology, Properties of Technology.

Course Outline (Part One) Cont’d § Definition of Educational Technology and its essential Elements. § Why Educational Technology (Importance).

Course Outline (Part One) Cont’d �System approach to Instruction �Introduction theory to learning �Communication Models

Reference Materials �A. Abimbade, (2004) Principles and Practice of Educational Technology �A. A Adekomi(1999) A handbook of Educational Communication and Technology �Femi Adeosun, (1998) The

Reference Materials �Journal of e-Learning (JOEL) Vol. 1 Number 1(2005) �T. A Balogun & A. Abimbade, (2006) Introduction to Instructiona

The Concept Education �Many Scholars had given various definitions on Education. Some sees it as Schooling- E. g Primary School/ Primary Education Others sees it has Training – E. g. In- Service Training /Education.

Education can be � summarised as a process through which we acquire knowledge, skills and habits to elicit attitudes of positive value which make us positively functional in our

Curriculum �This is the subject matter of instruction. �It is the organised, planned and sequential set of learning contents that is derived from the environment in other to solve the possible challenges of that environment through

Society �Structured community of people: a structured community of people bound together by similar traditions, institutions, or nationality. �Subset of community: a particular section of a community that is distinguished by particular qualities.

Technology �Is the complex and systematic integration process of Man, Machine, Ideas and Procedure with the aim of determining and resolving human problems or challenges.

Technology NB: The process of improvement is the Technology and not the By-product

Educational Technology �Merging the Two Words together, we can define Educational Technology as the integration(weaving together) of Variables (Factors) in order to find out the problems involved in the process of acquiring Knowledge, Skills and

Educational Technology �According to AECT, (1979) Edu. Tech. Is a complex integration process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices and organisations for analyzing problems and devising,

Functional Definition of Educational Technology in Education Technology of Education Man, Machine, Ideas, rocedure System Approach to Education Behavioural Science Technology Materials, Activities. Hardware of Education Instructional System/ Learning Outcome

Technology in Education �This embraces the use of AV, Media, Information and Communication Technology, educational data processing and tele- communication. It involves the use of equipment of hard ware machine e. g. Projector, Cassette player etc

Technology of Education �This concerns the use of systematic and scientific procedure in Education practices. Technology of Education may be applied to : (1)Analysis of Instructional Materials (2) Organisation of Instructional Proce (3) Organisation of Educational proce

Elements of Educational Technol � 1. Identification of Educational problems that should be solved. � 2. Understand the audience and its needs. � 3. Specification of goals and objectives.

Elements of Educational Technology Con’t � 4. Establishment of priorities among problems. � 5. Examination of various alternatives for solving the educational problem � 6. Identification of necessary financial, physical and human resources pre- requisites to the

Elements of Educational Technology Con’t � 7. Analysis of contact or message which will lead to the achievement of objectives. � 8. Development of evaluation systems. � 9. Development of a feed back system between the learner and the teacher.

Why Educational Technology (Importance) �When Edu. Tech. Is carefully employed in Teaching –Learning Process it has the following functions: � 1. It makes education become more productive by speeding up the rate of learning in learners. � 2. It provide a more scientific base for designing instruction.

Why Educational Technology (Importance) � 3. It makes instruction richer and powerful. � 4. it makes learning to become more concrete, real, immediate and permanent. � 5. It helps to individualise instruction.

Why Educational Technology (Importance) � 6. It makes access to education equitably distributed. � 7. It provides Teacher the chance of motivating the learners, arousing their interest as well as sustaining their learning tempo.

Why Educational Technology (Importance) � 8. It offers experience in learning which may not be easily obtained through any other means.

System Approach to Instruction �What is a system? A system is a unit consisting of many parts, all working together to achieve desired objectives e. g Solar system, body system, school system etc � A system may also be seen as a set of rules linked together in an ordinary way to show a logical plan e. g. economic system

Attribute of a system �Organised, �Made complex but unitarily whole up of several parts(sub system) �Organised to accomplish a goal �Conceptual or physical

Classification of system �Simple Vs. Complex �Opened Vs. Closed �Macro Vs. Micro �Dynamic Vs. Static/stable �Physical Vs. Non physical �Deterministic Vs. Probabilistic

�System approach to Instruction is a holistic way of looking at the teaching – learning process. It ensures a much more comprehensive consideration of most of the factors in an instructional situation

Importance of System Approach to Instruction �It helps to reveal omission, redundancy and inconsistencies �It helps to force attention on the requirement and performance of the total system �It ensures methodology of instruction �It helps in the organisation, planning and evaluation of educational programmes

Process of system approach to Instruction �Planning Stage �Development Stage �Execution (Implementation) Stage �Evaluation Stage �Revision/ modification of the system Stage

Planning Stage involves �Identification of needs (needs assessment) �Translation of needs into general objectives �Formulation of enabling specific objectives �Identify possible constraints

Development stage involves �Identify learners characteristic and determine their entry behaviour �Preparation of Instructional content(lesson plan) �Selection of relevant learning experience �Selection of teaching modes/method

Execution / Implementation stage involves Here the teacher must ensure: �Adequate mastery of subject matter �Adequate use of appropriate reinforcement mechanism �Effective verbal and symbolic communication �Active learners participation

Evaluation stage This help to check how far learning has take place. Evaluation should serve the following functions: �Helps to check the effectiveness of teachers methodology and appropriateness of instructional material �It helps to identify the possible areas of remediation or improvement �It serve as a means of positive reinforcement to the learners �It serve as a means of reporting performance to parents, government, decision panels etc �It helps to identify the strength and weakness of

Revision/ Modification stage �Here, identified problems or mistakes are corrected. Possible areas of modification are: �Instructional content �Methodology of teaching �Instructional resources �Choice of personnel �Learning environment modification

Model of system approach to Instruction Select learning experience Need Assessme nt General Objectiv e Specific Objectiv e Entry behavio ur Select teaching mode Implement Select media Knowledge of result/ feedback evaluat e

Learning theories to instruction �Learning theories are postulations by scholars(educational psychologist) towards learning. Since Edu. Tech. Is to identify educational problems and to solve them, there is the need to look into few theoretical foundations of human learning. � 1. Stimulus-Response Theory O S R

�Example of S-R theory was tried by a Russian psychologist(I. P. Pavlov 18491936) who did a study on classical conditioning of a dog. Ringing of bell before feeding a dog, makes the dog to salivate after hearing the bell

Classical Conditioning

�Skinner box is another example of S-R theory, where a rat gets food after pressing a lever. (programmed learning)

Operant conditioning

2. Law of exercise and effect �The law of exercise says that frequent as well as the most recently performed activities tends to be repeated(practice makes for perfections). Therefore drills and exercise should improve learning. �The law says that responses which are followed by pleasure as reward are likely to happen again

�Practice, motivation, reinforcement, repetition, reward, punishment are the main concepts that the learning theories explains.

Communication Models �This is a structure that shows relationship between all the elements of the communication process. �Kinds of communication models: �i. Engineering Model �ii. Modified David Berlo’s Communication model �iii. Shannon &Weaver Model �iv. Harold Lasswell’s model �v. John Ball’s Model

Engineering Model Source �Information Destination goes in one direction (One way model)monologue & not dialogue.

Modified David Berlo’s Communication model Sender/Sour ce Message Noise factor Channel Receiver/ Destination Noise factor

Shannon & weaver Model Source Transmitter (Encodes) Channel Receiver (Decodes) Noise Feedback Destination

Harold Lasswell’s model (S) Who Says (M) What in (C) which to (F) What effect with (R) Whom

John Ball’s Model Man Message Purpose environment Has Value is Constantl y changing Has which has and is

Open –Ended Communication System Frustration Teacher Interaction Boredom Learner

Dale’s cone of Experience People generally remember 10% of what they read 20% of what they hear 30% of what they see 50% of what they hear & see 70% of what they say &write evaluate Learning Outcome Read Define, Describe Hear List, Explain view image Demonstrate, apply, pract watch video, attend Exhibition watch a demonstration participate in hands-on workshop Design collaborative lesson Analyze, design, create, stimulate or model a real experience 90% of what they do Design/ perform a presentation do the real thing

Noise Factor in Instructional Communication �There are three types of Noise a. Physical noise: Usually due to physical activities e. g. Rain, market noise, car horn etc b. Psychological noise: usually have psychological effect on the learner e. g. broken home, loss of writing materials etc c. Physiological noise: usually have to do with the state of the body of the learner e. g. Headache, menstrual pain,

Feedback �Feedback is very paramount to the process of instruction and communication. It enables the sender of a message to be aware of how far the message he has sent is being decoded by the receiver.

Introduction to e-learning �E-learning is the use of electronic media, educational technology and ICT for the purpose of learning. Synonyms of e-learning: Multimedia learning Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) Computer-Based Instruction(CBI) Computer-Based Training (CBT) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Internet Based Training (IBT) Web-based Training (WBT) Virtual Education Mobile Learning

�e-learning is an inclusive term that describes Edu. Tech. that electronically or technologically support teaching and learning. �Bernard Luskin a pioneer of e-learning advocates that the “e” should be interpreted to mean exciting, energetic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational. �e-learning is suited for distance learning and flexible learning. (blended learning)

�e-learning involves animation, streaming video, satellite TV, CDROM, computer –based learning. �E-learning could be web based(Internet) or Locally based (intranet/ extranet) �E-learning may be selfpaced(asynchronous) or instructorled (synchronous)

Synchronous and Asynchronous elearning Synchronous It occurs in real time, with all the participants interacting at the same time e. g. face to face classroom, online realtime live teacher instruction, skype conversation, Chat room, etc Asynchronous It is self paced, and allow participants to engage in the exchange of ideas without the dependence of other participants involvement at the same time. e. g. email, blogs, wikis, hypertext, social

Benefits of asynchronous learning �Adequate for learners with health problems or with child care responsibilities �Learners can learn at their own pace �Makes work to be completed in a low stress environment and within a more flexible time frame.

Importance of e-learning �Students can earn their degrees more quickly �Students can be involved in other things such as work, sport etc and still graduate with their class �More access to an incredible variety of enrichment courses in online learning �Students can repeat failed courses without embarrassment �Help students to develop self-discipline.

�Improved interaction between students and teachers �Enhances ability of students to independently solve problems �Acquisition of technological skills through practice with tools and computer �No age-based restrictions on difficulty level i. e. students can go at their pace �Cost effective

Disadvantages of e-learning �Ease of cheating �Bias towards tech-savvy students over non-technical students �A synchronic communication hinders fast exchange of questions �Danger of procrastination �Unforeseen technical difficulties may impede learning.

Some tools used for elearning �Camtasia studio �Pinnacle studio �Tergrity �Edmodo �Wiziq �Power point �Panopto etc