ECOSYSTEMS Hutchinson Lehi Jr HS ECOSYSTEMS l Ecosystems

ECOSYSTEMS Hutchinson Lehi Jr HS

ECOSYSTEMS l Ecosystems – All the organisms living together l Ecology – Study of How organism interact with others & the environment l Populations – Same Species living in the same place l Community – Populations sharing the environment l Species – Group of organisms that can mate and reproduce offspring

FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPLUATIONS l Food - needed for Energy l Water – Cells & Tissues moves materials around bodied l Light – Photosynthesis l Shelter – Protection l Living Space – Room to live, obtain Resources, and Reproduce.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POPULATIONS l l Competition - Using the same limited resources Predation – One eats another species – – l Prey – Eaten by the other Predator - Eats the other Symbiosis – Close relationship between 2 species – – Mutualism – Both Benefit Commensalism – One Benefits / Other unaffected Parasitism – Organism feds off another species Host – Organism that the Parasites feeds off

FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS l All organism need energy to live. Each group is based on HOW they get Energy. l PRODUCERS l CONSUMERS (Eats other organisms - Hetrotrophs) – – l (Make their own food - Autotrophs) Herbivores (Plant-eaters – Cow, Deer) Carnivores (Meat-eaters – Wolf, Eagles) Scavengers (Eat remains left behind by other organisms – Crabs & Hyenas) Omnivores (Plant & Meat eaters – Raccoons, People) DECOMPOSERS (Eat Remains or waste from other organisms - Bacteria & Fungi)

ENERGY TRANSFERS Energy Decreases Biomass Decreases Number of Organism Decreases

FOOD CHAINS Traces the path of energy as it moves from one organism to another. Everything starts with the SUN!! l l PRODUCERS gets the energy from the SUN PRIMARY CONSUMER (Herbivores/Omnivores) gets energy from the plants (producers) l SECONDARY CONSUMER gets the energy from the organisms it eats. l DECOMPOSER gets energy and recycles it back to the plants when organisms die or make waste products.

FOOD WEBS l Food chains only show 1 energy pathway. A l B C D The food web shows the complex overlapping of food chains.

FOOD WEB

ENERGY CYCLES l Producers (Plants) – l Photosynthesis Consumers – Primary Consumer l – Secondary Consumer l l Herbivores / Omnivores Carnivores / Omnivores Decomposers – Fungi / Worms

3 rd Consumer Wolf (Carnivores / Omnivores) nd Consumer 2 Snake (Carnivores/Omnivores) Grizzly Bear Wolf Ducks Primary Consumer Rabbit (Herbivores/Omnivores) Pond Algae Producers (Algae, Plants & Trees) Fly Decomposition Grasses Fungus

ENERGY TRANSFERS l SUN – Original Source of ALL Energy l PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Plant makes food from CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy = C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 l RESPIRATION – (inhale / exhale) l DECOMPOSITION Ø Ø Ø Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle (decomposition) Carbon / Oxygen Cycle (respiration)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS §Producers – Trees & Plants Release O 2 §Primary Consumers Herbivores § 2 ND Consumers §Decomposers Sun - Energy RESPIRATION Plants take in Exhaled CO 2 Waste Products & Dead Organisms DECOMPOSITION

WATER CYCLE l l l EVAPORATION – by sun or energy CONDENSATION - Clouds STORAGE - Clouds PRECIPITATION – Rain, Hail, Ice, etc… STORAGE – – – Ice Lakes Organisms - Oceans - Ground Water - Glaciers

Precipation Condensation Runoff Evaporation Water Storage

CARBON & OXYGEN CYCLE l PRODUCERS (plants) release oxygen (O 2) into the air. PHOTOSYNTHESIS l CONSUMERS (species) release Carbon dioxide (CO 2) into the air. RESPIRATION. l DECOMPOSERS release / recycle the Carbon and Oxygen atoms. l Producers, Decomposers, & Consumers have a mutualism relationship. One could not survive without the other.

NITROGEN CYCLE l l Nitrogen is needed to build Protiens that make up structures in living organisms. 78% of the Earth’s Atmoshere Nitrogen atoms combine with other atoms causing – Nitrogen Fixation so Plants can use nitrogen and start it in the food chain. Bacteria decompose (breaks down) Waste Products and Dead organisms to return nitrogen back into a gas form.

Carbon Cycle Photo-synthesis Nitrogen Cycle

SUCCESSION l SUCCESSION – Natural process when one community of species replaces another. l PIONEER SPECIES – First Organisms to area l NON-NATIVE SPECIES – New to area. Tends to crowd out others. l COLONIZE - Community reaches a STABLE point.

BIOMES are large regions having a distinct CLIMATE & SPECIFIC type of PLANT & ANIMAL life.

BIOMES REGIONS l COMMON TYPES: – – – TUNDRA - RAIN FOREST GRASSLANDS - DECIDUOUS FOREST DESERT - MOUNTAIN SALTWATER - FRESHWATER CONIFEROUS FOREST