Ecosystems Communities Organisms and their Environments Units 1214

Ecosystems & Communities: Organisms and their Environments Units 12&14 1

Ecosystems have living and non-living components 14. 1 2

Ecosystem �Living organisms. �Non-Living Environment 3

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�The biotic environment of all the living organisms in an area. �can be any size and diversity – bacteria �- single celled organisms �- insects �- other larger sized creatures Communities 6

�The abiotic (aka non-living or physical) environment �, the chemical resources �the physical conditions, Habitat 7

Different species interacting together at the same place and time Examples of ecosystems 8

Ecosystem 9

�An ecosystem is made of two components: �the biotic environment, �the habitat Ecosystem 10

Ecosystems have living and non-living components 14. 2 Biomes 11

Biomes occur around the world, determined by temperature and rainfall. �Average �seasonal 12

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Tropical Rain Forest 16

Tropical Rain Forest �Equatorial: 17

Tropical Rain Forest �Rainfall: 18

Indicator Species 19

Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Plant Species 20

Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Gorilla Animal Species Gorilla gorilla Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Spider Monkey Ateles geoffreyi 21

Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator 2 -toed sloth. Species Animal Cholepus hoffmanni Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus variegatus) with baby - Costa Rica 22

Tropical Rain Forest – Indicator Animal Species Collared Aracari Pteroglossus torquatus 23

Grasslands (Prairie) 24

Grasslands (Prairie) �Temperate 25

Grasslands (Prairie) 26

�Dry: �Wet: Grasslands (Prairie) 27

�Species: Grasslands (Prairie) 28

Grasslands– Indicator Plant Species Old Field Habitat, Ohio Grassland, North Dakota Ironweed (Vernonia sp. ) with Hedge Bindweed 29 Vine (Calystegia sepium)

Grasslands– Indicator Plant Species Ironweed (Vernonia sp. ) Joe Pye Weed Eupatorium purpureum 30

Grasslands – Indicator Plant Species Common Teasel Dipsacus fullonum Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota) 31

Grasslands – Indicator Animal Species Bison (Bison bison) on the range, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota 32

Grasslands – Indicator Animal Przewalski's horse (Equus caballus Species przewalskii), The Wilds, Ohio 33

Grasslands – Indicator Animal Species 34

Taiga 35

�Cold Temperate Taiga 36

�Seasons Taiga 37

Balsam Fir Abies balsamea Taiga – Indicator Plant Species Black Spruce Picea mariana 38

Taiga – Indicator Plant Species White Poplar Populus alba Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Paper Birch Betula papyrifera 39

Taiga – Indicator Animal Species American Black Bear Ursus americanus Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 40

Taiga – Indicator Animal Species Snowshoe Rabbit Lepus americanus Long-eared Owl Aiso otus 41

Desert 42

Desert – Evaporation Exceeds Precipitation 43

Desert – Indicator Plant Species 44

Desert – Indicator Plant Species Fishhook Cactus Mammillaria microcarpa Saguaro Cactus Carnegiea gigantea 45

Trichomes Desert – Indicator Plant Species 46

Zebratail Lizard - Callisaurus draconides Desert – Indicator Animal Species 47

Desert – Indicator Animal Species Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) 48

Bactrian Camel, Camelus bactrianus Desert – Indicator Animal Species 49

Temperate Deciduous Forest 50

Temperate Deciduous Forest �Biome of this region 51

Oaks (Quercus sp. ) Temperate Deciduous Forest Indicator Plant Species Dutchman's-Breeches Dicentra cucullaria 52

Sassafras albidum Redbud Cercis canadensis Temperate Deciduous Forest Indicator Plant Species 53

Temperate Deciduous Forest – Succession 54

Temperate Deciduous Forest Indicator Animal Species American Toad Bufo americanus Box Turtle 55

Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Temperate Deciduous Forest Indicator Animal Species 56

Temperate Deciduous Forest Indicator Animal Species Yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens 57

Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska Tundra 58

�Ground is permanently frozen Tundra 59

Arctic Tundra Wildflowers - Alaska Tundra – Indicator Plant Species 60

Lichen Polytrichum Moss (photographed in Ohio, not on the Tundra) Tundra – Indicator Plant Species 61

Reindeer Rangifer tarandus Tundra – Indicator Animal Species 62

Tundra – Indicator Animal Species Caribou On Autumn Tundra Denali National Park Alaska 63

Savanna 64

◦ Between a tropical rainforest and desert biome Savanna 65

Baobab Adansonia digitata Umbrella Thorn Acacia tortillis Savanna – Indicator Plant Species 66

Savanna – Indicator Animal Species Savanna Elephant Loxodonta africana Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis Lion Panthera leo 67

Chaparral 68

�California coastal regions Chaparral 69

Blue Oak Quercus douglasii Common Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Olive Tree Olea europaea Chaparral – Indicator Plant Species 70

Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus Golden Jackal Canis aureus Spotted Skunk Spilogale gracilis Chaparral – Indicator Animal Species 71

�Inland lakes, rivers and wetlands �low salt concentration — usually less than 1% The Freshwater Biome 72

From left: a view across Manzanita Lake toward Mt. Lassen, California; a forest pond near Donnelly, Idaho; a Great Blue Heron; Paranagat Lake, southeastern Nevada. • Formed by runoff from snowmelt and rainfall The Freshwater Biome – Ponds and Lakes 73

Lakes 74

From left: Mc. Arthur-Burney Falls State Park, California; trout; Green River, Utah; Brooks River, Alaska. • Flowing water moving in one direction The Freshwater Biome – Streams and Rivers 75

Streams and Rivers 76

From left: Pescadero Marsh, California; coastal marsh at Umpqua Dunes, Oregon; trees and bogs on Esther Island, Alaska. • Standing water with abundant plant life • can include salt marshes on the edge of oceans The Freshwater Biome - Wetlands 77

Wetlands 78

From left: mussels, worms, and a spider crab at a hydrocarbon seep community in the Gulf of Mexico; a sea fan and brain coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; a school of Atlantic amberjack off North Carolina. • Deep oceans and continental shelf areas just off the coast The Marine Biome - Oceans 79

�Salt water The Marine Biome 80

From left: reef life in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea; a reef at Fanning Island atoll in the central Pacific; a reef in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. • Warm shallow salt water near islands and continents The Marine Biome – Coral Reefs 81

Coral Reefs 82

From left: Mangrove roots, south Florida; wetlands and tidal streams in the Ashe Island area, ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina; a salt marsh in Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, South Carolina. • Freshwater streams merge with oceans in shallow areas The Marine Biome – Estuaries and Wetlands 83

Estuaries 84

These are the biomes, in order of their productivity (highest first) 1. estuaries and tropical rain forest (highest) 2. temperate forest 3. agricultural land 4. temperate grassland 5. lakes and streams 6. coastal zone 7. tundra 8. open ocean 9. desert (lowest) Ecological Notes 85

Biomes Terrestrial Aquatic �Tropical �Freshwater Rain Forest �Savannah �Desert �Chaparral �Temperate Forest �Prairie �Taiga �Tundra Lakes and Ponds �Rivers and Streams �Wetlands �Open Oceans �Coral Reefs �Estuaries 86

1. Sunlight 2. Nutrients 3. Warm temperatures 4. Water Ecological Notes 87

Biomes Video 88

�Biomes are the major ecological communities of earth, characterized by the vegetation present. �Different biomes result from differences in temperature and precipitation, �season to season variation. Biomes Summary 89

�How are aquatic biomes determined? Challenge 90

Physical forces interacting create weather 14. 3 Global air circulation patterns create deserts and rain forests. 91

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