ECOSYSTEM WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM An ecosystem is

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ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEM

WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? An ecosystem is an interrelated system that includes all the

WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? An ecosystem is an interrelated system that includes all the autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the physical and chemical factors of the environment at a given place and time. autotrophs Arrows show a transfer of: ENERGY & MATERIALS heterotrophs environment

The 10 % RULE !

The 10 % RULE !

The maximum amount of ENERGY that passes from one trophic level to the next

The maximum amount of ENERGY that passes from one trophic level to the next is 10%. 90% of the ENERGY at each trophic level is used to keep the organisms alive and is converted to HEAT.

Always start with the SUN.

Always start with the SUN.

The 10% RULE ! N O T K N A L P HE AT

The 10% RULE ! N O T K N A L P HE AT O T Y H P Max. 10 % to HERBIVORES 90% of the ENERGY captured by PRODUCERS is used to keep themselves alive (converted to heat).

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES Producers are the BASE of the pyramid of

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES Producers are the BASE of the pyramid of biomass because 2 nd Order their ENERGY comes direct CARNIVORES from the SUN 3 rd Order CARNIVORES

The 10% RULE ! N O T Max. 10 % to CARNIVORES AT ZO

The 10% RULE ! N O T Max. 10 % to CARNIVORES AT ZO HE L P O 90 K N A % N O T 10 O T Y H P % K N A L P 90% was used to keep the HERBIVORES alive.

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES HERBIVORES 2 nd Order exist on. CARNIVORES only

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES HERBIVORES 2 nd Order exist on. CARNIVORES only 10% of the ENERGY from PRODUCERS. 3 rd Order CARNIVORES

The 10% RULE ! N O T A C r 10 % 1 s

The 10% RULE ! N O T A C r 10 % 1 s e d r O t Max. 10 % to 2 nd O. CARNIVORES AT I N R % S E R O V HE 10 % K N A L P O ZO N O T 90 10 % O T Y H P K N A L P

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES 2 nd Order CARNIVORES 3 rd. O. Order

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES 2 nd Order CARNIVORES 3 rd. O. Order 1 st Carnivores are max. 10% CARNIVORES of HERBIVORES.

The 10% RULE ! N O T % N O T 10 K N

The 10% RULE ! N O T % N O T 10 K N A I N R A C r 1 s e d r O t S E R O V 10 % ZO L P O 10 % O T Y H P K N A L P 2 nd Order CARNIVORES

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES 2 nd Order CARNIVORES 3 rd Order CARNIVORES

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES 1 st Order CARNIVORES 2 nd Order CARNIVORES 3 rd Order CARNIVORES There isn’t much ENERGY left near the top.

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES The 10% RULE. . . 1 st Order CARNIVORES 2 nd Order

PRODUCERS HERBIVORES The 10% RULE. . . 1 st Order CARNIVORES 2 nd Order CARNIVORES 3 rd Order CARNIVORES . . . results in this ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID

PRODUCERS - 1000 HERBIVORES - 100 The 10% RULE. . . 1 st Order

PRODUCERS - 1000 HERBIVORES - 100 The 10% RULE. . . 1 st Order CARNIVORES - 10 2 nd Order CARNIVORES - 1 3 rd Order CARNIVORES 0. 1 . . . is used to help predict NUMBERS.

1000 100 The 10% RULE. . . 10 1 0. 1 . . .

1000 100 The 10% RULE. . . 10 1 0. 1 . . . is used to help predict BIOMASS.

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the 10% rule ? 2. Where does most of

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the 10% rule ? 2. Where does most of the ENERGY go at each trophic level ? 3. What 2 things can the ecological Showpredict? all the possible FOOD CHAINS. pyramid help FOOD WEBS ! Show all the OMNIVORES. Show multiple feeding preferences.

What causes ecosystems to change? 1 Natural causes: Drought Disease 3 2 Fire 4

What causes ecosystems to change? 1 Natural causes: Drought Disease 3 2 Fire 4 Overpopulation

What causes ecosystems to change? Changes caused by humans: 1 Water pollution Air pollution

What causes ecosystems to change? Changes caused by humans: 1 Water pollution Air pollution 3 2 Land pollution Construction 4

How can humans help to prevent changes in ecosystems? 1 Use resources wisely 2

How can humans help to prevent changes in ecosystems? 1 Use resources wisely 2 Laws that control pollution 3 Clean up litter 4 Keep rivers and lakes clean

DESIGN A FOOD WEB USING THE BELOW INFORMATION Organism Trophic Type Prey/Food Predators/Grazers algae

DESIGN A FOOD WEB USING THE BELOW INFORMATION Organism Trophic Type Prey/Food Predators/Grazers algae primary producer --- krill, fish, blue whales birds carnivorous consumer krill, fish seals, killer whales blue whales planktivorous consumer algae, krill killer whales fish omnivorous consumer algae, krill birds, seals, killer whales top consumer blue whales, fish, birds, seals --- krill herbivorous consumer algae fish, blue whales, birds seals carnivorous consumer fish, birds killer whales

Now let’s take a closer look at the food web you created. What would

Now let’s take a closer look at the food web you created. What would happen if you removed one of the organisms from the food web? Are there other organisms that could take its place? How would the organism’s predators/grazers respond? How would the organism’s prey/food respond? Let’s start at the top and try a few scenarios: 1) What would you hypothesize might happen to the other organisms in the web, if killer whales went extinct? 2) What might happen if we exhausted the fishery (through over fishing), and fish were no longer a component of our food web? 3) What might happen if we removed the algae from the food web? 4) Which scenario above affected the most organisms? 5) What does this tell you about the importance of the base of the food web?