Ecosystem services Provisioning Regulating Cultural Goods produced or

Ecosystem services Provisioning Regulating Cultural Goods produced or provided by ecosystems Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes Non-material benefits from ecosystems Photo credits (left to right, top to bottom): Purdue University, Women. Aid. org, LSUP, NASA, unknown, CEH Wallingford, unknown, W. Reid, Staffan Widstrand

Provisioning Services Goods produced or provided by ecosystems Food § § § Crops Livestock Capture Fisheries Aquaculture Wild Foods Fiber § Timber § Cotton, hemp, silk § Wood Fuel Genetic resources Biochemicals Freshwater Photo credit (top): Tran Thi Hoa (World Bank),

Regulating Services Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes Air Quality Regulation Climate Regulation § Global (CO 2 sequestration) § Regional and local Erosion regulation Water purification Disease regulation Pest regulation Pollination Natural Hazard regulation

Cultural Services Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems Spiritual and Religious Values Knowledge Systems Educational values Inspiration Aesthetic Values Social Relations Sense of Place Recreation and Ecotourism Photo credits ( top to bottom): W. Reid, Mary Frost, Staffan Widstrand, unknown.

World Population (billions) 6. 5 billion in 2005 4 billion in 1975 2 billion in 1920 1 billion in 1800 Source: UN Population Division 2004; Lee, 2003; Population Reference Bureau

Year of Peak Fish Harvest Pre-peak Harvest peak Post-peak Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us project

Year of Peak Fish Harvest Pre-peak Harvest peak Post-peak Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us project

The Balance Sheet Enhanced Crops Livestock Aquaculture Carbon sequestration Degraded Capture fisheries Wild foods Wood fuel Genetic resources Biochemicals Fresh Water Air quality regulation Regional & local climate regulation Erosion regulation Water purification Pest regulation Pollination Natural Hazard regulation Spiritual & religious Aesthetic values Mixed Timber Fiber Water regulation Disease regulation Recreation & ecotourism

Crops Status: Enhanced Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Freshwater Status: Degraded 15– 35% of Irrigation Withdrawals Unsustainable (low to medium certainty)

Natural Hazard Regulation Degraded Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Status:

Trade-offs Among Services Provisioning Regulating Cultural Enhanced Crops Livestock Aquaculture Carbon sequestration Degraded Capture fisheries Wild foods Wood fuel Genetic resources Biochemicals Fresh Water Air quality regulation Regional & local climate regulation Erosion regulation Water purification Pest regulation Pollination Natural Hazard regulation Spiritual & religious Aesthetic values Mixed Timber Fiber Water regulation Disease regulation Recreation & ecotourism Provisioning services are being enhanced at the cost of regulating & cultural services

Many services are public goods Spiritual & religious ? Aesthetic Economic Valuation ? Flood/Fire regulation ? Disease regulation ? Water purification Difficult Easy ? Freshwater ? Genetic Resources ? Recreation & tourism Food Difficult or impossible ? Climate regulation Fiber Private Benefit Capture ? ? ? Economic Value ($)

Impact on Poor and Marginalized People Poor people are most dependent on ecosystem services and most vulnerable to degradation of the services Photo credit: Uittapron Juntawonsup/UNEP

Impact on Poor and Marginalized People • • • Per capita food production declining in sub-Saharan Africa Number of undernourished people worldwide increasing Water scarcity affects 1 in every 3 people worldwide 1. 1 billion people lack access to improved water supply Half the developing country urban population suffers from diseases associated with water and sanitation • Malaria responsible for 11% of the burden of disease in Africa

Critical concern – drylands • 40% of land surface and more than 2 billion inhabitants • Lowest levels of human wellbeing • 10 -20% of drylands degraded • Only 8% of renewable water supply

Dryland Systems: Highest population growth in 1990’s Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Loss of both forest quantity and forest quality âThe world is losing at least 9. 4 million hectares of forest yearly (source: FAO, 2001) âIn addition, in many parts of the world’s remaining forest are fragmented and degraded 18

Forests are more than a biodiversity issue: World Bank - "forest resources directly contribute to the livelihoods of 90 percent of the 1. 2 billion people living in extreme poverty and indirectly support the natural environment that nourishes agriculture and the food supplies of nearly half the population of the developing world. " DFID - environmental problems are a significant cause of poverty, and generally hit the poor hardest - therefore better environmental management is essential to secure lasting poverty reduction. EU: ". . an effective strategy for supporting forest sector development must address non-forest sectors and ensure that forest development is considered as a component of broader sustainable development strategies (. . ) in particular those related to poverty reduction and rural development. 19

Costa Rica Payments for Ecosystem Services Program established 1997 By 2001: 280, 000 ha enrolled at cost of $30 million Typical payments: $35 to $45 per hectare $ Pay upstream landowners to maintain forest cover on their land Downstream Users benefit from protection of upstream ecosystem services

Promising Options: Change the economic incentives Payments for Ecosystem Services Costa Rica § Land owners are paid for new plantations, sustainable logging, and forest conservation. Funded in part by tax on energy use. Mexico § Pays forest conservation in critical watersheds using revenue from water charges. Colombia § Water users in the Cauca Valley pay for conservation in their watersheds. Ecuador § Quito funds from the water utility and the electric power company pay for conservation in the city watershed

Promising Options: Change the economic incentives Market mechanisms may sometimes be useful (e. g. potential to reduce nutrient releases and carbon emissions) Ecosystem Marketplace: Online information on ecosystem service markets and payments for services Rapid growth of Carbon market