ecosan planning and implmentation Planning and implementation of

ecosan planning and implmentation Planning and implementation of ecological sanitation projects Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Heinz-Peter Mang, Patrick Bracken, Arne Panesar Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Gmb. H ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure 5 th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustaniability, IWA 8. - 11. November 2005 in Jeju, Korea IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 1

Introduction ecosan planning and implmentation content of the presentation § § § § § what is ecosan? wastewater = water and more benefits of ecosan range of technologies and basic project types holistic sanitation and reuse planning and implementation HCES and Bellagio principles stakeholder participation 10 step ecosan project planning and implementation process some ecosan pilot projects challenges and conclusion IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 2

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation fertilizer production from finite resources food Mixing of flowstreams, misuse of drinking water for transport overexploitation of groundwater sewage sludge IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 waste disposal in water bodies 90% untreated 3

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 Pathogens Nitrates Polluted groundwater Viruses 4

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation principles of ecosan FOOD closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture NUTRIENTS IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 NUTRIENTS Pathogen destruction 5

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture rainwater harvesting restoring soil fertility food agricultural use manure/ organic waste faeces urine treatment / hygienization /energy production IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 greywater reuse no waste disposal in water bodies 6

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation advantages of ecological sanitation IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 § Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle § Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy § Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity § Conservation of resources § Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions § Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach § Material flow cycle instead of disposal 7

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation ecosan principles Ecological sanitation… § … is not a specific technology, but a new philosophy - based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows - of dealing with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal § …considers human excreta and wastewater not as wastes but as natural resources § … applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies § … opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered. IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 8

Introduction to ecosan 14. 1 12. 3 5. 3 3. 6 K Organics P kg COD/ (Person·year) 0. 8 N 1. 0 Nutrient content kg N, P, K / (Person·year) 500 l IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 50 l Volume Liter / (Person·year) source: Otterpohl 10. 000 – 200. 000 l ecosan planning and implmentation composition of household wastewater 9

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation separation of substances treatment utilisation urine (yellowwater) faeces (brownwater) hygienisation by storage or drying anaerobic digestion, drying, composting liquid or dry fertiliser IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 biogas, soil improvement greywater (shower, washing, etc. ) constructed wetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol. treatment, membranetechnology irrigation, groundwaterrecharge or direct reuse rainwater filtration, biological treatment water supply, groundwaterrecharge organic waste manure composting, anaerobic digestion soil improvement, biogas 10

million tons per year (as N + P 2 O 5 + K 2 O) 135 50 www. fertilizer. org ecosan planning and implmentation excreta are a valuable resource § more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer consumption can be covered by the reuse of human excreta § over 15 billion US$ fertilizer equivalent are annually flushed down the toilet IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 11

§ safe sanitation source: Johannes Heeb § healthy environment souce: www. virtualmuseum. ca ecosan planning and implmentation benefits of ecological sanitation ecosan-toilets in Bangalore, India IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 12

§ improved soil quality through reuse of organics § restored soil fertility through nutrient reuse urine IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 none source: Vinnerås, 2003 faeces & urine compost improved soil untreated soil after one week without water source: Petter Jenssen ecosan planning and implmentation benefits of ecological sanitation 13

source: Petter Jenssen ecosan planning and implmentation benefits of ecological sanitation § recovery of energy content § reuse of water (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country) § energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 14

Introduction to ecosan Centralized Partially decentralized Fully decentralized • centralized sewer system and treatment • recovery of nutrients and water e. g. through reuse of wastewater • e. g. separate collection of urine or blackwater • centralized nutrient processing facility • centralized greywater sewer system and treatment • small-scale closed cycles of water and materials source: Larsen, 2001 ecosan planning and implmentation centralised and decentralized systems IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 15

ecosan technologies ecosan planning and implmentation overview of ecosan technology-components IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 16

ecosan pilot projects ecosan planning and implmentation basic types of ecosan projects IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 17

ecosan project planning ecosan planning and implmentation new aspects to be considered in the planning and implementation of ecosan projects § the integration of other relevant sectors in the assessment of the current situation and in all the planning activities and conceptual work: agriculture sector (reuse), water supply, urban planning, solid waste management § the consideration of a much wider variety of sanitation solutions (technical, institutional, financial) § the necessity to focus on the assessment of the needs of the users of the sanitary facilities, service providers and the end users of the recyclates. § supply of relevant information to enable the stakeholder to make an “informed choice” § the consideration of smaller planning units and a greater number of decentralised options IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 18

Introduction to ecosan planning and implmentation ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach Climate protection Flood protection Resource conservation Business and labour promotion Food security Integrated Water Resources Management IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 Sustainable agriculture Health + Conservation of soil fertility 19

ecosan planning and implmentation Rural household Stakeholders in an ecosan project IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 (peri )urban household ( IX ) Research Institutions ( VIII ) Financial Institutions household in an urban flat (I) Users of Sanitation facilities ecosan project ( VII ) Developers & Investors Tourists, students, employees, etc. ( II ) User of recyclates ( III ) CBOs and selfhelp groups ( IV ) NGOs ( VI ) Service providers (V) Local authorities, governments Consultant companies Supplier of water gas and electricity Producers/ provider of equipment Providers for collection treatment and transport Construction companies maintenance companies Educational institutions Distributors and marketers of recyclates 20

ecosan project planning ecosan planning and implmentation The HCES approach (WSSCC) Ø Participation of stakeholders Ø Level of problem solving Ø Regarding excreta and wastewater as ressources HCES = Household (neighborhood) centered environmental sanitation WSSCC = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 21

ecosan project planning § § GTZ proposes a 10 step approach to assure interdisciplinary and participatory planning in ecosan projects, based on the HCESimplementation guideline of the WSSCC Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps complement classical planning instruments (feasibility study, technical design, etc. ) 10 ecosan project steps Step 0 – Raising awareness Step 1 - Request for assistance Start-up phase Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process Step 3 - Assessment of current status and stakeholders Step 4 - Assessment of priorities, user and reuser needs Step 5 - Identification of sanitation and reuse options Feasibility. Study Awareness raising ecosan planning and implmentation 10 ecosan project steps Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service and reuse options Step 7 - Consolidate ecosan plans for the study area Step 8 - Finalise consolidated ecosan plans for study area Step 9 – Implementation IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 Detailed technical & operational plans Tendering, construction, operation, maintenance 22

ecosan project planning ecosan planning and implmentation 10 ecosan project steps (0 -5) IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 23

ecosan project planning ecosan planning and implmentation 10 ecosan project steps (6 -9) IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 24

ecosan pilot projects ecosan planning and implmentation Low cost Arborloo in Mondoro Village, Zimbabwe Arborloo: a simple pit latrine for ecological sanitation practices Arborloo principle IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 Arborloo construction work Arborloo in Mondoro 25

ecosan pilot projects ecosan planning and implmentation ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province, China (supported by SIDA and Unicef) Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 § Large ecosan project in the phase of upscaling § 1997, pilot project funded by SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets) built in pilot village, Dalu Village § 1998, 10. 000 urine-diverting toilets were built in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi § 2002, 100. 000 ecosan toilets in Guangxi § 2003, 685. 000 ecosan toilets in 17 provinces (Ministry of Public Health) § Factors of success: cultural acceptance, political commitment, technical flexibility, low cost, income generation, pressure from water pollution and water scarcity, promotion and marketing 26

ecosan pilot projects ecosan planning and implmentation Kf. W building, Germany ecosan concept since 2003: § § § Greywater recycling Rainwater harvesting Vacuum blackwater collection, eventually to be followed by anaerobic treatment IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 27

ecosan pilot projects ecosan planning and implmentation GTZ main office building renovations, Germany Urine separation and collection Research on: § acceptance and technical function of urine separation § different treatment options and agricultural use of urine § biomembrane treatment and hygienisation of brownwater IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 GTZ headquarter Eschborn, Germany Urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals 28

§ increasing awareness § integration of reuse into planning § revision of legal frameworks & technical standards § establishment of comparative full cost, benefit and risk assessments § finding innovative investors and adapting financing instruments § implementation of large scale urban projects IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 source: Petter Jenssen ecosan planning and implmentation main challenges Greywater treatment in Norway 29

ecosan planning and implmentation conclusion § “business as usual“ will not allow us to meet the sanitation MGDs, as conventional systems have failed § we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable resources § ecological sanitation - comprising the reuse of water, nutrients, organics and energy - must be recognized and introduced as the new promising holistic and sustainable approach to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to food security, preserve our environment and maintain our natural basis of life on earth IWA-5 th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 30