Ecommerce business technology society Second Edition Kenneth C
E-commerce business. technology. society. Second Edition Kenneth C. Laudon Carol Guercio Traver 1
Chapter 3 The Internet and World Wide Web: E-commerce Infrastructure Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
Learning Objectives n n n n Discuss the origins of the Internet Identify the key technology concepts behind the Internet Describe the role of Internet programs and utility programs Explain the current structure of the Internet Understand the limitations of today’s Internet Describe the potential capabilities of Internet II Understand how the World Wide Web works Describe how Internet and Web features and services support e-commerce Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
Web Services Propel Next Wave in E-commerce Page 117 4
Web Services Propel Next Wave in E-commerce Web services: general term that refers to an emerging set of applications, services and standards that make it possible for software programs to communicate with each other over the Web and share documents and information automatically based on standards n Simplest-Shop. com an example of use of Web services to create a complex Web site at relatively low cost n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
The Internet: Technology Background Internet: A interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers, linking businesses, educational institutions, government agencies and individuals n World Wide Web (Web): One of the Internet’s most popular services, providing access to over 6 billion Web pages n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
The Evolution of the Internet 1961 -2003 n History of Internet can be segmented into 3 phases: § Innovation Phase – fundamental building blocks conceptualized and realized § Institutional Phase – providing funding and legitimization for Internet § Commercialization Phase – private corporations take over and expand Internet backbone and services Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
Stages in the Development of the Internet Figure 3. 1, Page 120 8
Development of the Internet Timeline Figure 3. 2, Page 121 9
Development of the Internet Timeline (cont’d) Figure 3. 2, Page 122 10
Development of the Internet Timeline (cont’d) Figure 3. 2, Page 123 11
Development of the Internet Timeline (cont’d) Figure 3. 2, Page 124 12
The Internet: Key Technology Concepts n Federal Networking Council definition of Internet highlights three important concepts that are basis for understanding the Internet: § Packet switching § TCP/IP communications protocol § Client/server computing Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
Resolution of the Federal Networking Council Figure 3. 3, Page 125 14
Packet Switching A method of slicing digital messages into packets, sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destination n Uses routers: special purpose computers that interconnect the computer networks that make up the Internet and route packets to their ultimate destination n Routers use computer programs called routing algorithms to ensure packets take the best available path toward their destination n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
Packet Switching Figure 3. 4, Page 126 16
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Protocol: a set of rules formatting, ordering, compressing and error-checking messages n TCP: Establishes the connections among sending and receiving Web computers, handles thee assembly of packets at the point of transmission, and their reassembly at the receiving end n IP: Provides the Internet’s addressing scheme n TCP/IP is divided into 4 separate layers: § Network Interface Layer § Internet Layer § Transport Layer § Application Layer n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suite Figure 3. 5, Page 128 18
IP Addresses Internet address (also called IP address): a 32 -bit number expressed as a series of four separate numbers marked off by periods, such as 201. 61. 186. 227 n IPv 4 the current version of IP. Can handle up to 4 billion addresses n IPv 6 (next generation of IP) will use 128 -bit addresses and be able to handle up 1 quadrillion addresses n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP and Packet Switching Figure 3. 6, Page 129 20
Domain Names and URLs Domain name: IP address expressed in natural language n Domain name system (DNS): allows numeric IP addresses to be expressed in natural language § Example: cnet. com = 216. 200. 247. 134 n Uniform resource locator (URL): addresses used by Web browsers to identify location of content on the Web n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 21
The Hierarchical Domain Name System Figure 3. 7, Page 130 22
Pieces of the Internet Puzzle: Names and Addresses Table 3. 1, Page 131 23
Client/Server Computing n Model of computing in which very powerful personal computers (clients) are connected in a network with one or more server computers that perform common functions for the clients, such as storing files, software applications, etc. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 24
The Client/Server Computing Model Figure 3. 8, Page 131 25
Insight on Business: Peer-to. Peer Computing Goes to Work Peer-to-peer computing an outgrowth of client/server computing model n Allows client computers to share resources without intervention of a central server n Most often used for sharing music and other file over the Internet, in violation of copyright laws n However, some new legitimate uses such as Groove Workspace, a P 2 P platform developed by Groove Networks n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 26
Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs n n n n HTTP: Protocol used to transfer Web pages SMTP, POP and IMAP: Protocols used to send and receive e-mail FTP: Protocol that permits users to transfer files from server to client and vice versa SSL: Protocol that provides secure communications between client and server Telnet: Program that enables a client to emulate a mainframe computer terminal Finger: Utility program that lets you check who is logged on, for how long and user name Ping: Utility program that allows you to check connection between client and server Tracert: Utility program that allows you to follow pat of a message sent from a client to a remote computer Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 27
Sample FTP Session Figure 3. 9, Page 135 28
The Result of a Ping Figure 3. 10, Page 136 29
Tracing the Route a Message Takes on the Internet Figure 3. 11, Page 137 30
The Internet Today Client/server computing model, coupled with hourglass, layered architecture of Internet has allow Internet to handle explosive growth without disruption n Hourglass/layered architecture – 4 layers: § Network Technology Substrate § Transport Services and Representation Standards § Middleware Services § Applications n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 31
The Hourglass Model of the Internet Figure 3. 12, Page 138 32
Internet Network Architecture Figure 3. 13, Page 139 33
The Internet Backbone Consists of high-bandwidth fiber-optic cable owned by a variety of Network Service Providers (NSPs) n Term bandwidth refers to how much data can be transferred over the communications media within a fixed period of time n May be expressed bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps) n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 34
Major U. S. Internet Backbone Owners Table 3. 2, Page 140 35
NAPs, MAEs and CANs Hubs where backbones intersect with regional and local networks, and where backbone owners connect with one another called Network Access Points (NAPs) or Metropolitan Access Exchanges (MAEs). n Campus area network (CAN): Local area network operating within a single organization that leases Internet access directly from regional or national carrier n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 36
Internet NAPs and MAEs Figure 3. 14, Page 141 37
Map of Internet NAPs and MAEs Figure 3. 14, Page 141 38
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Leases Internet access to home owners, small businesses and some large institutions n Retail providers that deal with “last mile of service” n Major national ISPs include AOL, MSN, and AT&T Worldwide. n Offer both narrowband (traditional telephone modem connection at 56. 6 Kbps) and broadband (service based on DSL, cable modem, T 1 or T 3 telephone lines, and satellite) n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 39
ISP Service Levels Bandwidth Choices Table 3. 3, Page 142 40
Broadband Service Choices Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): Telephone technology delivers high-speed access through ordinary telephone lines; speeds from about 385 Kbps to 1. 5 Mbps n Cable modem: Cable television technology piggybacks digital access to Internet on top of analog video cable line; speeds from about 500 Kbps to 2 Mbps n T 1 and T 3: International telephone standards for digital communication that offer guaranteed delivery rates § T 1: 1. 54 Mbps § T 3: 43 Mbps n Satellite: high-speed downloads (256 Kbps to 1 Mbps), but no upload available n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 41
Time to Download a 10 Megabyte File by Type of Internet Service Table 3. 4, Page 144 42
Intranets and Extranets Intranet: TCP/IP network located within a single organization for purposes of communication and information processing n Extranet: Formed when firms permit outsiders to access their internal TCP/IP networks n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 43
Who Governs the Internet? n n n n A number of different organizations that influence Internet and monitor its operations including: Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Society (ISOC) World Wide Web Consortium (W 3 C) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 44
Insight on Society: Yahoo! France – Government Regulation of the Internet Yahoo! France case raises issues as to who controls the Internet n November 2000 – French judge ruled that U. S. -based Yahoo must block French users from access to Nazirelated memorabilia on site n U. S. Federal Court decreed that French order was unenforceable on First Amendment grounds of freedom of expression; Yahoo nonetheless had previously removed all Nazi materials from site n Similar issues raised by Google self-censoring of its database in France and Germany; 2002 Australian High Court decision applying Australian libel law to Dow Jones story published on U. S. servers but viewable in Australia n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 45
Internet II: The Future Infrastructure n Internet II: The second era of the Internet that is being built today by private corporations, universities and government agencies Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 46
Limitations of Internet I n n n To appreciate potential benefits of Internet II, must understand the limitations of Internet’s current infrastructure: Bandwidth limitations Quality of service limitations Network architecture limitations Language development limitations Wired Internet limitations Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 47
The Internet 2® Project Internet 2: Consortium of more than 200 universities, government agencies and private businesses that are collaborating to find ways to make the Internet more efficient n Primary goals: § Create a leading edge very-high speed network for national research community § Enable revolutionary Internet applications § Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications to the broader Internet community n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 48
Areas of Focus of Internet 2 Advanced network infrastructure: New backbone networks that interconnect Giga. Po. Ps used by Internet 2 members to access network n New networking capabilities: Projects include § Deploying IPv 6 § Developing and implementing new QOS technologies § Developing more effective routing practices § Coordinating the interconnection of different components of the Internet 2 infrastructure § Creating an infrastructure to handle multicasting n Middleware: incorporating identification, authentication, authorization, directory and security services into standardized middleware n Advanced applications: distributed computation, virtual labs, digital libraries, distributed learning, tele-immersion n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 49
Internet 2 Giga. Po. P Exchanges Figure 3. 15, Page 149 50
The Larger Internet II Technology Environment: The First Mile and the Last Mile Next Generation Internet (NGI): Recently concluded federal project that focused on developing advanced applications and networking capabilities n Private initiatives in fiber optics and wireless Internet services n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 51
Fiber Optics and the Bandwidth Explosion in the First Mile Fiber optics concerned with the “first mile” or backbone Internet services that carry bulk traffic over long distances n Older transmission lines being replaced with fiber-optic cable: over $700 billion invested worldwide by telecommunications companies n Right now, much of fiber-optic cable laid in U. S. is “dark”, but represents a vast digital highway that can be utilized in the future n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 52
Worldwide Fiber- Optical Market Growth Figure 3. 16, Page 151 53
Photonics Technologies Photonics: Study of communicating with light waves n Technologies that will have impact on achieving Internet II include § Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) § Optical and fiber switches, and switching components § Optical integrated circuits § Optical networks n Big Band: Next step in Internet access; will provide bandwidth of 10 Gbps + n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 54
Major Photonics Opportunities and Players Table 3. 5, Page 153 55
Bandwidth Demand of Various Web Applications Figure 3. 17, Page 154 56
Wireless Internet Access: The Last Mile 3 G Telephone and Wi-Fi LAN Technologies Wireless Internet access concerned with the “last mile” – from Internet backbone to user’s computer, cell phone, PDA, etc. n Two different basic types of wireless Internet access: n Telephone-based n Computer network-based n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 57
Wireless Internet Access Technologies Table 3. 6, Page 155 58
Wireless Internet Access Technologies (cont’d) Table 3. 6, Page 155 59
Telephone-based Wireless Internet Access Different standards § Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM): used primarily in Europe § Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): used primarily in U. S. n Third generation (3 G) cellular networks § Use General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) – digital packet-switched technology n Wireless Web protocols include: § Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) § i. Mode n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 60
Example Hybrid Cellular Wireless Devices Table 3. 7, Page 157 61
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) n n n Two major technologies: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity, also known as 802. 11 b): first commercially viable standard for WLANs In Wi-Fi networks, wireless access points connect to Internet directly via a broadband connection and then transmit radio signals to transmitters/receivers installed in laptops or PDAs Offers high-bandwidth capacity, but limited range; is also inexpensive Bluetooth: personal connectivity technology that enables links between mobile computers, phones, PDAs and connectivity with Internet; has much more limited range than Wi-Fi (30 feet vs. 300 meters) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 62
Wireless Local Area Network Hotspots Figure 3. 18, Page 158 63
Potential Wireless Internet E-commerce Services Table 3. 8, Page 160 64
Benefits of Internet II Technologies n n n IP Multicasting – set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network Latency solutions – diffserve (differentiated quality of service) will be able to assign different levels of priority to packets depending on type of data being transmitted Guaranteed service levels – ability to purchase right to move data through network at guaranteed speed in return for higher fee Lower error rates Declining costs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 65
IP Multicasting Figure 3. 19, Page 161 66
Development of the Web 1989 -1991: Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee at European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) n 1993: Marc Andreesen and others at NCSA create Mosaic, a Web browser with a graphical user interface that could run on Windows, Macintosh, or Unix computer n 1994: Andreesen and Jim Clark found Netscape, and create first commercial Web browser, Netscape Navigator n August 1995: Microsoft introduces its version of Web browser, Internet Explorer n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 67
Hypertext A way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect documents to one another, and that also link pages to other objects such as sound, video or animation files n Uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and URLs to locate resources on the Web n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 68
Top-Level Domains Table 3. 9, Page 165 69
Markup Languages Generalized Markup Languages (GMLs) include: n Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) – an early GML n Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – a GML that is relatively easy to use; provides fixed set of markup “tags” used to format a Web page n e. Xtensible Markup Language (XML) – new markup language specification developed by W 3 C that is designed to describe data and information; tags used are defined by user n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 70
Example HTML Code and Web Page Figure 3. 20, Page 166 71
HTML Tools Table 3. 10, Page 167 72
Sample XML Code Figure 3. 21, Page 168 73
Sample XML Code for a Company Directory Figure 3. 22, Page 168 74
Web Servers and Web Clients n n n Web server software: Enables a computer to deliver Web pages written in HTML or XML to clients on network that request this service by sending an HTTP request Leading brands: Apache and Microsoft Basic capabilities: Security services, FTP, search engine, data capture Term Web server also used to refer to physical computer that runs Web server software Specialized types include database servers, ad servers, mail servers, video servers Web client: Any computing device attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 75
Web Browsers Primary purpose to display Web pages. n Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator dominate the market (94%) n Other browsers include: § Opera § Safari (for Apple Macintosh) § Neo. Planet n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 76
The Internet and Web: Features n n n n n Internet and Web features on which the foundations of e-commerce are built include: E-mail Instant messaging Search engines Intelligent agents (bots) Chat Music, video and other standard files Streaming media Cookies Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 77
E-mail n n n Most used application of the Internet Uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound, video clips, etc to be transferred from one Internet user to another Also allows attachments (files attached to the e-mail message) Can be an effective marketing tool Spam: unsolicited e-mail. A worsening problem Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 78
Instant Messaging Fastest growing form of online human communication n Displays words type on a computer almost instantly, and recipients can then respond immediately in the same way n Different proprietary systems offered by AOL, MSN, Yahoo n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 79
Search Engines Identifies Web pages that appear to match keywords (queries) entered by a user, and provides list of best matches based on one or more of a variety of techniques n No longer simply search engines, but also shopping tools and advertising vehicles (search engine marketing) n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 80
Top Ten Search Engines 2003 Figure 3. 23, Page 174 81
Intelligent Agents (Bots) Software programs that gather and/or filter information on a specific topic and then provide a list of results n Types include search bot, shopping bot, Web monitoring bot, news bot, chatterbot n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 82
Types of Web Bots Table 3. 11, Page 175 83
Insight on Technology: Chatterbots Get a Job: Virtual Reps Chatterbots are intelligent agents that can “converse” with a user over the Web n In workplace, commonly called “virtual representatives” and are viewed as one possible answer to customer service issues on Web n Native. Minds a leading provider of online virtual customer relations solutions, with a product called v. Reps n v. Reps are being used by Coca-Cola, Ragu, Ford, etc. n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 84
Other Internet and Web Features Relevant to E-commerce Chat: Enables users to communicate via computer in real time (simultaneously); used in e-commerce to help develop community n Music, video, and other standard files: routinely used for marketing and advertising purposes n Streaming media: enables music, video and other large files to be sent to users in chunks so that when received and played, file comes through uninterrupted n Cookies: small text file stored on user’s computer with information about the user that can be accessed by Web site the next time user returns to the site n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 85
Internet II and E-commerce: Emerging Features and Services Internet Telephony: Technologies that use Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) and Internet’s packet-switched network to transmit voice and other forms of audio communication over the Internet n As bandwidth increases, voice transmission quality will improve, and use of VOIP is expected to rise dramatically n Expected to account for almost 20% of all phone calls by 2006 n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 86
The Growth of Internet Telephony Figure 3. 24, Page 180 87
Key IP Telephony Players Table 3. 12, Page 181 88
Internet II and E-commerce: Other Emerging Features and Services n n n n Digital libraries Distributed storage: Distance learning Digital video Video teleconferencing Tele-immersion M-commerce applications Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 89
Case Study: Akamai Technologies: Speeding Internet Performance with Math Akamai Edge. Suite allows customers to move their Web content closer to end users, enhancing Web site performance and maximizing delivery speed n Akamai Edge. Scape provides advertisers with intelligence generated by Akamai’s knowledge base of Internet network activity n Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. 90
Akamai Technologies: Speeding Internet Performance with Math Page 184 91
Akamai Technologies: Speeding Internet Performance with Math Page 185 92
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