Ecology Unit Ecology Ecology is the study of
- Slides: 54
Ecology Unit
Ecology • Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment. • Organisms depend in some way on other living and nonliving organisms.
Interdependence • Interdependence- Dependence on each other or one another • Examples: – Hare and lynx – Hare and grasses/shrubs – Birds and insects
Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization • Biosphere– broadest; earth and atmosphere that supports life
Levels of Organization • Ecosystem– all of the organisms and nonliving environment found in a particular place
Levels of Organization • Community– all interacting organisms living in an area
Levels of Organization • Population– members of a species that live in one place at a time
Levels of Organization • Organism– individual
Ecology of Organisms • Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors – Biotic- living factors in the environment • Ex. Plants, animals – Abiotic- non-living factors in the environment • Ex. Climate, soil
Ecology of Organisms • Niche – The specific role, or way of life of a species within its environment • What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Exit Slip 1. An ecosystem contains? 2. Hunting season on deer increases the amount of grass/shrubs is an example of? (word for things depending on one another) 3. A biotic factor in a pond is? Abiotic factor?
Ecology of Organisms • Conformers- do not regulate their internal conditions • Regulators- use energy to control some of their internal conditions
Ecology of Organisms • Two ways species can escape unfavorable conditions: – 1. Dormancy- state of reduced activity – http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dzz 9 LZ 554 NM – 2. Migration- Move to a more favorable habitat
Ecology of Organisms • Generalists – Organisms forage on a variety of food; feed on what is available • Specialists – Focus on a specific food source
Species Interactions • Predation – Predator- organism preys on other organisms – Prey- animal taken by predator as food • Examples?
Why are these animals fast or camouflage?
Adaptations • Predator Adaptations – Adaptations that help predators acquire food • Chemical – Rattlesnack vs. Rat • Camouflage – Chameleon • Speed – Cheetah
Prey Adaptations that increase chance of survival Chemical Combat Camouflage Speed Mimicry • Jesus Lizard
Mimicry
Prey Adaptations Mimicry • Batesian – Harmless species mimics a harmful species – Octopus Defense • Mullerian – Two or more species share similar warning colors or attributes
Exit Slip 1) What are two ways carbon enters the atmosphere? 2) How is carbon removed from the atmosphere? 3) Give one example of a predator adaptation and one prey adaptation. 4) What is the difference in Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry?
Plant Adaptations Defense Catching Prey • Venus Fly Trap
What is happening here?
Competition • Interspecific – Competition among members of different species • Ex. Lions and Cheetahs – Prey on the same food (one will have less food)
What is happening here?
Competition • Intraspecific – Competition among members of the same species • Ex. Trees of same species competing for light, nutrients • Ex. Deer fighting for territory and mates
Symbiotic relationship • Parasitism – One organism benefits, the other is harmed – Ticks and humans/animals
Symbiotic Relationship • Mutualism – Both organisms benefit – Birds cleaning teeth
Symbiotic Relationship • Commensalism – One organism benefits, the other is unaffected – Shark and remora fish
Review 1. Example of a biotic and abiotic factor on a farm. 2. What is the niche of a turkey? 3. What is interdependence?
Energy Transfer • Producers – Autotrophs- manufacture food for themselves • Ex. Plants, Bacteria • Consumers – Heterotrophs- get energy by feeding on other organisms
Energy Transfer • Types of Consumers – Herbivore-plants only – Carnivore-meat only – Omnivore-both plants and meat – Detrivores-dead plant and animal matter – Decomposer-break down dead and decaying organic matter
Ecology of Organisms Generalists • Omnivores Specialists • Herbivores
Energy Transfer • Trophic Levels – Position an organism occupies in the food chain – What it eats, and what eats it…
Energy Transfer
Food Chain vs. Food Web • Food Chain • Food Web
Biomes • Tundra – Coldest temps – Very little precipitation – Thin topsoil over permafrost – Mosses, small woody plants
Biomes • Taiga – Cold – Low in nutrients – Evergreen trees
Biomes • Temperate Grassland – – Good precipitation Deep layer of topsoil Rich in nutrients Most have been transformed to farmland
Biomes • Savanna – Dry, thin topsoil – Tall grasses – Scattered trees
Biomes • Chaparral – – Little precipitation Rocky, thin topsoil Low nutrients Shrubs and small trees
Earth’s Layers • The earth is made up of 4 layers: – Biosphere – Atmosphere – Hydrosphere – Geosphere
Atmosphere • 78% Nitrogen • 21% Oxygen • Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse Effect • 1) Energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere and heats the earth’s surface • 2) Some of the heat radiates away from earth • 3) Some of the heat radiates into space • 4) Some heat is absorbed by gases and returned to earth
Hydrosphere • All of the water on earth • Only 3 percent of surface water is freshwater – Most is in the form of glaciers
Geosphere • The earth’s rock interior • Extends from the molten center to the crust
Biosphere • All parts of the earth where life exists • http: //www. b 2 science. org/earth/facility/biome -desert
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