Ecology Set up Notebook Set up notebook for

Ecology

Set up Notebook • Set up notebook for Chapter 13 -16: Ecology – Table of Contents • Put a final page number for Taxonomy • New Entry: Chapter 13 -16 – Ecology • Put a beginning page number for Ecology • First blank Page: Make a title Page • Next page: Leave Blank for Study Guide Handout • Page After: Complete Word Study Guide

Ecology Word Study Guide • • Autotroph Heterotroph Biogeochemical cycles Ecology Ecosystem Producer Consumer Decomposer • • Carrying Capacity Trophic level Primary Succession Secondary succession Detritivore Water cycle Carbon cycle Joule

Bellwork • Paragraph – Explain how your heart is affected by life choices. – What is blood pressure, blood volume, resistance, disease, and exercise? – What can affect the flow of blood?

Complete the Heart, Circulation, and Disease Worksheet • Answer all questions • Turn in for a grade • You have 15 min to complete

Go over Heart Worksheet • Make corrections to your answers • This information WILL be on the Test

Bellwork – Answer the Following • What is biodiversity? – What areas are the most diverse? – Why is biodiversity important? • What is Ecology? • Describe Each Level of organization • Define biotic and abiotic. – Give an example of each • What is the biosphere?

Sharing the World • What do you interact with every day? – Give me some examples

What is Ecology? • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment • Questions are always asked about interactions.

Levels of Organization • Ecologist have organized the living world into levels – Organism itself, populations, communities, and ecosystems, biosphere – Draw each level of organization

Interactions within Populations • Define Population • Sharing resources depends on how far apart the species are • Competition occurs among resources – Adaptations help with competition – Ex: Frogs

Interactions within Communities • No species lives independently • Define biological community • Change in one population can change another population – Ex: increase population Cause decrease in another population

Biotic and Abiotic factors form Ecosystems • Ecologist also study interactions between separate populations and their physical surroundings • Ecosystem – is made up of interacting populations in biological communities and the communities abiotic factors • Ecosystems change!

The Non-living Environment • Define Abiotic Factors – Ex: Temp, moisture, light, soil, air currents • Non-living things are a big part of an organisms life • They can determine which species survive in a particular environment – Drought in Grassland

The Living Environment • Living organisms affect other living organisms • Define Biotic Factors • They reproduce, compete, depend on other things for food, become food themselves

Types of Ecosystems • Two Types of Ecosystems – Terrestrial Ecosystems • Land – Aquatic Ecosystems • Fresh and Saltwater

The Biosphere • Define Biosphere • Supports a diverse group of organisms in a wide range of climates • Living and Non-living things in one part of the world are different from another • Ecologists study organisms how they survive and reproduce under different conditions in the Earth’s Biosphere

CER: ECOLOGY • Question: Is the following considered biotic or abiotic? • Claim: In a complete sentence, answer the question. • Evidence: Describe the characteristics that support your claim. • Reasoning: Define your choice (biotic or abiotic). Explain how your evidence supports your claim.

Bellwork • Review Notes of Quiz

Quiz Spread out with pen/pencil. 1. Define ecology. 2. Give an Example of a biotic and abiotic factor 3. put the following in order by least to most diverse. Community, organism, ecosystem, population, biome

Review • • • What is ecology? Levels of Organization Main Types of Ecosystems Abiotic vs. biotic Factors What is biodiversity? What is a biome?

How Organisms Obtain Energy • An important characteristic of a species niche is how it obtains energy • Ecologists trace the flow of energy through communities to discover nutritional relationships between organisms.

Habitat vs. Niche • Habitat – Where a species lives – Includes ALL biotic and abiotic factors. • Niche – How a species lives – Includes: type of food, how it competes, its place in the food web, air temp and amount of water to thrive, when its active, where is reproduces.

The Producers • Known as autotrophs • Ultimate source of life is the sun. – Plants need for photosynthesis • Define Autotroph – Grass, trees, green algae

The Consumers • Known as Heterotrophs • Not able to produce their own food • They depend on Autotrophs for nutrients and Energy • Define Heterotroph

Types of Heterotrophs • • Herbivores – Feed on Plants Carnivores – Feed on Animals Omnivores – Eat both Plants and Animals Decomposers – Break down and release nutrients from dead organisms

Flow of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems • As matter is cycled, some trapped energy is transferred from one level to next – Some energy is transferred as heat to environment • Eat Food -> Consume Matter

Food Chains • A representation of how matter and energy flow through an ecosystem • Moves a specific way – Autotroph – Heterotroph – Decomposer • Two, Three, or Four Transfers

Trophic Levels Represent Links in the Chain • Each organism represents a trophic level • 1 st order heterotroph = feeds on plants – Ex: Grasshopper • 2 nd order heterotroph = Feeds on 1 st order heterotroph – Ex: Birds feed on grasshopper • Can eat a variety of trophic levels – Bears: Eat berries and mice

Energy and Trophic Levels • Ecological Pyramid – Shows energy flow through an ecosystem • With each step, only 10% of the energy is available for the next trophic level – Organisms fail to capture and eat all the food energy available at the trophic level below them. – Law of conservation of energy

Food Webs • Shows all possible relationships at each trophic level in a community. • More realistic model – organisms depends on more than one other species for food

GRADE • Complete the worksheet on a separate sheet of paper

Explain the Following Nature Cycles • The Water Cycles • Carbon Cycle

Cycles in Nature • Sunlight is the Primary source of all energy and is always being replenished by the sun • Matter is constantly recycled and never lost – Ex: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus

The Water Cycle • Life on Earth depends on water – Ex: Glass of water • Evaporation from lakes and oceans to air • Water vapor forms ice, rain, snow and falls to Earth • Water accumulates and retrieves to lakes and oceans • Transpiration in Plants, and others

The Carbon Cycle • Atoms of carbon form the framework for proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and other important molecules • Carbon = molecule of life (organic) • Cycle starts with an autotroph • Photosynthesis converts CO 2 into energy-rich carbon molecule (Used as food or energy) • Heterotrophs feed on autotrophs and release energy which releases CO 2 and returns it to atmosphere

Review • Explain the difference between a food chain, food web, and energy pyramid. – Explain how much energy is gained from the autotroph to 2 nd order heterotrophs.

Workbook Pages • Complete pages 220 -239 – Underline all important information throughout reading – Answers all questions before, throughout, and at the end of each section. – Turn in for a grade

Finish: Answer the Following Questions • Section 14. 2 – Explain how species and communities interact. • Competition • Predation • What is symbiosis? – Mutalism – Commensalism – Parasitism • Section 14. 5 – What is succession? • Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession. • What is a pioneer species? • Section 14. 4 – What is carrying capacity? (EXPLAIN) – What are limiting factors? (Provide Examples)

Non-Native Species • aka: Invasive Species or exotic species • Have a natural affect on biodiversity and natural flow of energy in an ecosystem. • How does this affect the food web? – Competition • Prey on or crowd out other species – Exponential Growth • Lack of predation or better competitors – Economic Damage • Farmers (kudzu, mice, etc)

Example • Florida Everglades – Burmese python • From the tropical jungles of southeastern Asia. • Came over as a pet • Because they become so large people have released them into the wild. • Feeds on rats, birds, raccoons, and dogs

Example • Southeastern United States – Kudzu • From southeastern Asia • Can grow up to 18 meters in a single season (very difficult to control) • Blankets other plants and trees • Deprives other plants of sunlight • Resistant to most herbicides

Survival Relationships • Predators: Seek out and eat other organisms • Prey: Animals predator eats • Predator-Prey relationships involve a fight for survival

Symbiosis • Many relationships exists that are beneficial to species • Define Symbiosis • Three Types of Symbiosis – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism

Three Types of Symbiosis • Mutualism – Both Species benefit – Ex: Ants and Acacia Tree • Commensalism – 1 benefits, other neither benefit or harmed – Ex: Orchids grow on large tree • Parasitism – 1 benefit, other harmed – Ex: Fleas and Animals

Communities • How has your neighborhood changed in the past year? 5 years? • What do you find in the grass population? • Each organism contributes something important to the grass population • Various kinds of biotic and abiotic factors interact in different parts of the world. – Polar regions vs. Tropical regions

Limiting Factors • Any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms. • Factors that affect the organisms ability to survive! – Ex: Water, food, predators, temperature

Carrying Capacity • The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that the environment can normally and consistently support. – Can change when environment changes • Predator/Prey relationships

Ranges of Tolerance • Tolerance – The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors. – Ex: Corn Plant • Still have the ability to survive non-optimal conditions, but won’t thrive!

Succession • What would happen if grass in an area was not cut for a year? 5 years? • Succession – Orderly, natural changes and species replacement that take place in the communities of an ecosystem. – Stages – Each stage contains different species and plants.

Primary Succession • The colonization of barren land by communities of organisms • Takes place on land where there are no living organisms – Ex: Volcano eruption • Pioneer species – The first species to hold in primary succession – Ex: Lichen • Climax Community – A stable mature community that undergoes little or no change in a species.

Secondary Succession • The sequence of changes that take place after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way. – Ex: Forest Fire • Occurs in areas that previously contained life. • Less time – Ex: Yellowstone National Forest

Bellwork • Take out a sheet of paper and your notes – Prepare for quiz

GRADED Assignment Separate Sheet of Paper • Describe limiting factors • What is carrying capacity? • Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession.

Complete Sections 14. 2, 14. 4, 14. 5 in Workbook • Turn in for a GRADE

Discussion Review • • What is ecology? Explain the levels of organization Difference between biotic and abiotic Difference between food chain and food web Autotroph vs. Heterotroph Water Cycle/Carbon Cycle Secondary vs Primary Succession Carrying Capacity/Graph

Questions to Answer • Complete – What is exponential growth and when does it occur? – Limiting Factors • Give Examples – Explain how catastrophic events, climate changes, human activities and the introduction of invasive species can reduce biodiversity – What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources? • What are the costs and benefits of each? • Explain human impact – What is sustainable development.

Exponential Growth • Occurs when a population size increases dramatically over a period of time – Rapid growth – aka J-curve • When can this happen? – When resources are abundant – When a species moves into an uninhabited area

Limiting Factors • Factor that keeps a population from growing rapidly – Density-Dependent • Competition, Predation, Parasitism – Density-Independent • Weather Change, Natural disaster, Human activities

Reducing Biodiversity • Catastrophic events – Volcanic Eruption • Climate Changes – Extreme Changes (Flood, drought, Cold, hot) • Human Activities – Habitat loss, pollution, habitat fragmentation • Invasive Species – No predators, lots of prey

Threats to Biodiversity • There are 4 main threats to Biodiversity – Habitat Loss (MOST COMMON) • Deforestation – Habitat Fragmentation • Cutting up a large piece of land (Roads, rivers, developments, etc) – Habitat Degradation • Pollution (Greenhouse Effect, global warming, acid rain) – Invasive Species

Pictures • Habitat Loss • Habitat Degradation • Habitat Fragmentation • Invasive Species

Greenhouse vs. Global Warming • Green House Effect • Global Warming

Loss of Biodiversity • Harmful because: – Ensures the future of the Earth (foundation of the world) – Will affect all species – Many medical and technological advancements come from nature – Reduces an ecosystems stability

How to Protect • • Legal Protection of Species Preserving Habitats Habitat Corridors Working with People – i. e. Ranges, law enforcement • Reintroduction and Species Preservation Programs • Captivity • Seed Banks

Natural Resources Nonrenewable Renewable • Used faster then they are formed • Cannot be used up or can replenish themselves over time. – Oil and Coal – Limited resource that can lead to an energy crisis. • Humans impact these resources through use, pollution, and carelessness. – Wind and Solar energy – Replenish faster then used – Plant and animal resources

Sustainable Development • Manages resources for present and future generations. • Natural resources are used and managed in a way that meets current needs without hurting future generations. – Awareness in habitat loss – Hunting seasons – Overfishing laws

Sustainable Development • A practice in which natural resources are used and managed in a way that meets current needs without hurting future generations – Concerns with environmental conditions – Rotations – Laws – Product improvement and regulations

Changes in Population • • Births Deaths Immigration Emmigration

Bellwork • What is exponential growth and when does it occur? • Limiting Factors – Give Examples • What causes loss in biodiversity? • What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources? • What is sustainable development? • Explain Births, deaths, immigration, emigration

Water Biomes

Water Biomes The limiting factors in water biomes are: – Amount of salt (salinity) – Amount of dissolved oxygen – Sunlight

2 Types of Water Biomes • Freshwater – Rivers and Streams – Lakes and Ponds • Saltwater – Ocean – Estuaries – Seashores (tidal areas)

Freshwater Biomes Freshwater contains little or no salt, so it has a LOW salinity. Flowing freshwater = rivers and streams Still Freshwater = lakes and ponds

Flowing Freshwater • Streams – The faster a stream flows the greater the amount of dissolved oxygen in it. Faster water flows = oxygen

Flowing Freshwater • Streams – The fish that live in streams are adapted to fast moving water

Flowing Freshwater • Rivers – Water moves slower in a river and debris settles on the bottom. – Because of this, rivers tend to have more nutrients and less dissolved oxygen. nutrients and oxygen

Flowing Freshwater – Rivers

Freshwater • Ponds – Small, shallow bodies of water – Sunlight penetrates all the way to the bottom – Most completely filled with plant material – Very high amount of nutrients

Freshwater • Ponds

Freshwater • Lakes – Larger and deeper than ponds – Plant growth is limited to the shoreline – Sunlight does NOT penetrate to the bottom= no plants after a certain depth!

Freshwater • Lakes

Water Biomes Plankton are microscopic algae, plants, and other organisms that float on the surface of water biomes. They need sunlight to survive.

Water Biomes Phytoplankton are important producers in water biomes. They are the first step in many aquatic food chains

Saltwater Biomes About 95% of the water on Earth has a high concentration of salt. (High salinity)

Saltwater • Estuaries (Wetlands) – Area where a river meets an ocean – Mix of salt and freshwater – Located near coastlines, border land – Extremely fertile – Nutrient levels are higher than both salt and freshwater

Saltwater • Estuaries – Chesapeake Bay

Saltwater • Seashores – Tides have a huge influence on life here – INTERTIDAL ZONE- portion of the shoreline that is covered with water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide.

Intertidal Zone • Can be sandy or rocky • Small fish, clams, crabs, other mussels are trapped in the TIDAL POOLS during low tide

Intertidal Zone

Saltwater • Oceans – Can be divided into 2 main life zones 1. Photic zone- sunlight penetrates 2. Aphotic zone- NO sunlight

Photic Zone- above 200 m • Made up of the euphotic & disphotic zones • Sunlight penetrates • Plant life and animal life is abundant

Aphotic Zone- below 200 m • Sunlight DOES NOT penetrate • There are no plants • Animal life is highly specialized

Aphotic Zone- below 200 m • Many of the denizens of the deep ocean have a special adaptation known as bioluminescence

Answer the following: • How do the following affect an aquatic ecosystem? – Salinity – Light – Nutrient Availability – Temperature – Dissolved Oxygen

Quiet Time • Complete the Ecology Study Guide. – Questions and Answers on a separate sheet of paper – YOU NEED A GOOD GRADE!!!!

Bellwork • What is sustainable development and why is it important? • On page 503, answer the CONNECT question A.

Review For FCA Tomorrow • Turn to page 410 – What would happen to the Jellyfish population if the shrimp population became extinct? – What would happen to the triggerfish population if the Reef Shark decreased in population size? – Where does the sea turtle get its energy from? – Who are the producers in this food web? – What is the main source of energy for ALL food webs? • Which species play a role in all food webs? – Describe their roles? • Turn to page 418 and 410 – Describe Energy transfer, biomass, and the number of organisms and how they relate to trophic levels. • How is materials cycled through the ecosystem? – Describe water and carbon cycle. • Draw the J-Curve and S-curve – Explain exponential and carrying capacity. – What causes populations to eventually become stable? • Describe abiotic and biotic factors. – Give example of limiting factors that are abiotic. – Give examples of limiting factors that are biotic.

Review Continued • Explain community interactions (pg 431 -432) – Explain the predator/prey relationship. – What other types of interactions occur in the ecosystems? • What are invasive species? – Give examples from your textbook – What threats can they cause to ecosystems? • Describe how the following equation effects population growth. – (Birth + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) = population size – Describe each of those terms. • Explain sustainable development – What can be done to conserve biodiversity? – Explain renewable resources and nonrenewable sources. • What is hypertension? – Explain the cause and prevention. • What is the circulatory system? – Why must your circulatory and respiratory systems work together? • Explain the process. – What causes harm to the circulatory system? How? – Explain the difference between a heart attack and stroke.