Ecology Review Ecology is the study of Ecosystems

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Ecology Review

Ecology Review

Ecology is the study of. . • • • Ecosystems include both. . .

Ecology is the study of. . • • • Ecosystems include both. . . Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factors are the living components of ecosystems like. . Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi

 • • • Abiotic factors are the nonliving components like. . . 1.

• • • Abiotic factors are the nonliving components like. . . 1. climate/weather patterns 2. soil, water, minerals, 3. land forms and features 4. amount of sunlight

Define population. • a population is a group of one species living in a

Define population. • a population is a group of one species living in a specific area. • What is a community? • a community is groups of different species living in one habitat • a habitat is the place where a community of organisms lives

Name the types of organisms in a food chain 1. Producers: (where do they

Name the types of organisms in a food chain 1. Producers: (where do they get energy? ) from the sun—these are organisms that use photosynthesis to convert the sun’s energy 2. Consumers: organisms that eat or use other organisms to obtain energy 3. Decomposers: Organisms that breakdown plants and dead animals putting nutrients back into the environment; like bacteria and fungi

Types of Consumers: • 1. Herbivores-- eat plants • 2. Carnivores-- eat meat (other

Types of Consumers: • 1. Herbivores-- eat plants • 2. Carnivores-- eat meat (other animals) • 3. Omnivores-- eat both plants and animals • 4. Detrivores-- eat dead organisms, ie. scavengers

Trophic Levels

Trophic Levels

How much energy moves from one trophic level to the next? • only 10%

How much energy moves from one trophic level to the next? • only 10% of the energy from one trophic level moves up to the next • 90% of the energy is lost -- given off as heat or wasted energy

Biogeochemical Cycles: The Water Cycle • • 1. liquid water becomes vapor= EVAPORATION 2.

Biogeochemical Cycles: The Water Cycle • • 1. liquid water becomes vapor= EVAPORATION 2. water vapor becomes clouds= CONDENSATION 3. rain, sleet, snow, hail= PRECIPITATION 4. water comes out of leaves of plants= TRANSPIRATION

Water Cycle continued. . • 5. water drains into streams, rivers, oceans= • RUN-OFF

Water Cycle continued. . • 5. water drains into streams, rivers, oceans= • RUN-OFF • 6. water filters into the soil and goes through to the ground water= • PERCOLATION • 7. water vapor exhaled by animals= • RESPIRATION • 8. water taken in by roots= • ABSORPTION

THE CARBON CYCLE What are the only organisms that use CO 2? • Plants.

THE CARBON CYCLE What are the only organisms that use CO 2? • Plants. . They take in Carbon (CO 2) during PHOTOSYNTHESIS • What gives off Carbon Dioxide? • We do, when we exhale. . . during RESPIRATION • We do, when we burn fuel. . COMBUSTION

Other sources of carbon in the air, water, or soil • Geologic activity like.

Other sources of carbon in the air, water, or soil • Geologic activity like. . volcanoes • EROSION --water/wind dissolves limestone releasing CO 2 • Remember --plants are the only things that can remove CO 2

What is the Greenhouse Effect? • The heat trapping ability of some gases in

What is the Greenhouse Effect? • The heat trapping ability of some gases in the atmosphere. • This can be compared to the way glass traps heat in a greenhouse, or an insulating blanket • This is a good thing for us, because it keeps the earth’s surface temperature liveable • What is happening while greenhouse gases, like CO 2, are increasing?

Global Warming • This refers to the increase of the average temperature of the

Global Warming • This refers to the increase of the average temperature of the earth. • The earth's temperature has been rising for the last 50 yrs.

Film: One Degree Factor • How did one degree rise in temperature affect the

Film: One Degree Factor • How did one degree rise in temperature affect the caribou? • more mosquitos, longer mosquito season • drove caribou higher up where there was not as much food • more rain, freezing on top the snow • made finding food difficult, made crust on the snow that cut their legs

Film (cont): It is a Global Problem (affects everyone): • How can a drought

Film (cont): It is a Global Problem (affects everyone): • How can a drought in Africa affect children and ocean in Trinidad? • The drought caused the lake in Africa to dry up. Dust from the lake was blown by the winds to the Caribbean Sea. • Caused increase in Asthma and Sea Fan disease.

Is the hole in the ozone layer part of global warming? • NO. •

Is the hole in the ozone layer part of global warming? • NO. • It is another example of a man-made impact on the environment, though. • What caused the decrease of concentration of ozone (O 3) in the atmosphere? • Use of CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) in spray cans, refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. • These chemicals destroy molecules of ozone. • What is so bad about a decrease in concentration of ozone? • Ozone protects us from UV radiation, so because the concentration of ozone decreased, skin cancer rates went up.

Here's the good news: • We changed what we were doing by finding alternatives

Here's the good news: • We changed what we were doing by finding alternatives to CFC's, • and the hole in the ozone layer is becoming smaller!

The Nitrogen Cycle • • • Why do living things need nitrogen? To make

The Nitrogen Cycle • • • Why do living things need nitrogen? To make amino acids and nucleic acids to build. . Proteins, RNA, DNA How much of the atmosphere is nitrogen? 78% Atmospheric nitrogen, N 2 is unusable by plants and animals

How is nitrogen in the atmospheric made usable? • Nitrogen Fixing bacteria convert N

How is nitrogen in the atmospheric made usable? • Nitrogen Fixing bacteria convert N 2 into usable products so plants can absorb it. • What are the names of nitrogen fixing bacteria? • In soil, it’s… • Rhizobium bacteria • In water, it’s… • Cyanobacteria

Where do living things get their nitrogen? • • How do plants get nitrogen?

Where do living things get their nitrogen? • • How do plants get nitrogen? from the soil (they absorb it through roots) How do animals get nitrogen? by eating other plants or animals

Some Nitrogen Cycle Terms: • Nitrogen Fixation= bacteria turns N 2 gas into ammonia

Some Nitrogen Cycle Terms: • Nitrogen Fixation= bacteria turns N 2 gas into ammonia • Ammonification= bacteria in soil convert organic material to NH 3 • Nitrification= ammonia into nitrites/nitrates • Assimilation=plant roots take in nitrates • Denitrification=bacteria turns nitrates into nitrogen gas

Weather Patterns • Explain the Coriolis Effect: • because of the rotation of the

Weather Patterns • Explain the Coriolis Effect: • because of the rotation of the earth, winds and weather seem to curve to the right; this is the reason our storms come from the Southwest and move in a Northeast direction • Explain the Mountain Effect: • all the precipitation is dumped on the windward side of the mountain, so the leeward side is dry; for example. . Denver, CO has very little snow. It is on the east side of the Rockies. Most of the ski resorts in Colorado are on the west side of the Rockies.

Some Terrestrial Biomes: • Tundra: cold, permafrost, little rainfall, caribou, foxes that have thick

Some Terrestrial Biomes: • Tundra: cold, permafrost, little rainfall, caribou, foxes that have thick fur- white in winter • Taiga: cold, two seasons- summer and winter, moose, bear, lynx, hibernate in winter • Temperate, deciduous forest: moderate rain, deer, rabbits, squirrels, birds, • Rainforest: high amount of rainfall, great diversity of plants, animals • Desert: hot, dry, little rain, animals and plants adapted to heat and little water

Which biome has the greatest amount of biodiversity (different plants and animals)? • The

Which biome has the greatest amount of biodiversity (different plants and animals)? • The Tropical Rainforest due to its high amount of rainfall, and the amount of sunlight it gets year round.

Symbiosis- relationships between organisms in habitats • • • 1. Predation- one organism eats

Symbiosis- relationships between organisms in habitats • • • 1. Predation- one organism eats another food (+, -) predator benefits, prey is harmed 2. Parasitism- one organism lives off another. (-, +) parasite benefits, host is harmed 3. Mutualism(+, +) both benefit 4. Commensalism(+, 0) one benefits, the other is neither harmed nor benefitted 5. Competition- two organism compete for resources (- , - ) both are harmed

Which is it? • A sucker fish that lives on a shark. The fish

Which is it? • A sucker fish that lives on a shark. The fish removes fungus from the shark by feeding on it. . . • That is Mutualism because both benefit • A tick sucks the blood from a deer. . . • That is Parasitism because the deer is harmed • A bird that lives in a hole in a tree is. . . • Commensalism (the tree is neither harmed nor helped but the bird gets shelter) • Squirrels and Cardinals both eat sunflower seeds. . • is an example of Competition for the same food source.

Competitive Exclusion Two species cannot exist in the same space so they must each

Competitive Exclusion Two species cannot exist in the same space so they must each find their own “niche”. If one of the species is more successful and eliminates the other, it is called. . Competitive exclusion Two species can avoid competition by finding different niches in an ecosystem.

What is a niche? • The job an organism has in its habitat, its

What is a niche? • The job an organism has in its habitat, its pattern of living— • the resources it uses, where it feeds, finds shelter, temperature requirements, etc. • fundamental niche: • the part of the habitat the organism could occupy if there were no competition • realized niche: • the part of the habitat it actually occupies (in reality)

Population Growth • Populations that grow unchecked will grow. . • Exponentially • They

Population Growth • Populations that grow unchecked will grow. . • Exponentially • They don't because they are limited by various factors like. . • Amount of resources, diseases, predators • The size that a population is limited to by the environment is called its: • CARRYING CAPACITY

POPULATION LIMITING FACTORS: • When factors are affected by the size of the population

POPULATION LIMITING FACTORS: • When factors are affected by the size of the population they are: • DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS • Ex. food, shelter, water, etc. • When factors are not affected by the size of the population, they are: • DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS • Ex. weather, climate, disease, etc.

What is SUCCESSION? • The changes in an ecosystem over time. • What is

What is SUCCESSION? • The changes in an ecosystem over time. • What is Primary (1 st) succession? • living things coming into an area where there was no life before • ex. a glacier melts exposing soil after 100's of 1000's of years • Secondary (2 nd) succession is. . • new life in an area that had life before • ex. forest after a forest fire

What are Pioneer Species? • organisms that are the first to live in an

What are Pioneer Species? • organisms that are the first to live in an area; for example. . • Small, fast growing plants • Grasses, weeds, mosses and lichen are the first plants that grow in an area.

THE END-- Best of luck!

THE END-- Best of luck!