Ecology introduction Me 23 slides What is Ecology
- Slides: 43
Ecology introduction Me 23 slides What is Ecology? 1
What is Ecology? ? • The study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. • It explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. 2
Habitat & Niche • Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives • Niche is an organism’s total way of life 3
The Nonliving Environment • Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. • Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. 4
The Living Environment • Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. 5
Class Quiz • When prompted, blurt your answer once. • If it becomes too loud, you will be told to signal your answer visually. 6
Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 7
Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 8
Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 9
Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 10
Levels of Organization 11
What are the Simplest Levels? • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism 12
on to ECOLOGICAL Levels of Organization 5 levels 13
1 st Level of Organization • Organism (or Individual): An individual living that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops 14
2 nd Level of Organization • Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. 15
3 rd Level of Organization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. 16
4 th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Community plus abiotic factors • Can be terrestrial or aquatic 17
5 th Level of Organization • Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. 18
Read; don’t copy. The Biosphere • Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. • The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things. 19
Class Quiz 20
What level of organization? (1) Organism 21
What level of Organization? (2) Community (without the rocks) or Ecosystem (with the rocks and other abiotic factors) 22
What level of Organization? (3) (Ignore the tree. ) Population 23
24
Ecosystems food energy. M. e 25 Slides Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Now look for underlined words OR color change for your guided notes. 25
Energy Flow • Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sun • Energy flows through Ecosystems from producers to consumers – Producers (make food) – Consumers (use food by eating producers or other consumers) 26
Producers • Sunlight is the main source of energy for most life on earth. • Producers contain chlorophyll & can use energy directly from the sun 27
Consumers Heterotrophs (e. g. animals) eat other organisms to obtain energy. • Herbivores – Eat Only Plants • Carnivores – Eat Only Other Animals 28
Consumers (cont’d. ) • Omnivores (like humans) – Eat Plants & Animals • Scavengers – (like buzzards) Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains • Decomposers – Fungi & Bacteria 29
Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction from producers to various levels of consumers 30
Feeding Relationships (cont’d. ) • Food Chain – Simple Energy path through an ecosystem • Food Web – More realistic path through an ecosystem made of many food chains 31
Here is a Food Chain 1 st order Consumer 2 nd Order Consumer 3 rd Order consumer 4 th Order Consumer Producer (trapped sunlight & stored food) 32
Quiz: Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in this food chain: 33
Food Web 34
35
Trophic Levels Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic Level. • Producers – Always The First Trophic Level – How Energy Enters The System • Herbivores – Second Trophic Level 36
Trophic Levels • Carnivores/Omnivores – Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels Each level depends on the one below it for energy. 37
Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid of Numbers 38
Energy Pyramid 10% Rule: Only about 10% of chemical energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. The rest (90%) dissipates as heat. 39
Biomass Pyramid 5000 10% Rule: Only about 10% of chemical energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. The rest (90%) dissipates as heat. 40
Pyramid of Numbers 10% Rule: Only about 10% of chemical energy is transferred from one 41 trophic level to the next. The rest (90%) dissipates as heat.
What do all three pyramids show? • Everyone is somebody’s lunch, but. . . • 10% Rule: Only about 10% of chemical energy (bodies) is transferred from one trophic level to the next. The rest (90%) is given off as heat. • That’s where body heat comes from. 42
The End? 43
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