Ecology Chapters 50 55 Review of Ecology Vocab
Ecology Chapters 50 -55
Review of Ecology Vocab § § § Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere Habitat Niche
Population Ecology § The study of growth, abundance, and distribution of populations. § Size § Density § Dispersion
Size § Total number of individuals in the population. § How are populations counted? § Random Sampling
Dispersion § 3 Distribution Types § Clumped § Uniform § Random
Age Structures § What is it? § What are the types? § www. campbellbiology. com § Login: RVRHS 2010 § Password: reddevil 10 § 7 th Edition § Chapter 52 § 52. 6 Graph It: Age Pyramids and Population Growth § Answer questions: Email results to me kcsmith@rvrhs. com
Survivorship Curves § Type I § Curves describe species in which most individuals survive to middle age followed by high mortality rate. § Type II § Curves describe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random. § Type III § Curves describe species in which most individuals die young with few surviving beyond reproductive age.
How do Populations grow? § Biotic Potential § The maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions. § Factors that Contribute to the biotic potential of a species: § § § Age at reproductive maturity. Clutch size (# of offspring produced at each event) Frequency of reproduction. Reproductive lifetime Survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity.
How is population growth limited? § Carrying capacity § Limiting Factors § Density-dependent § Density-independent § Predation factors
Patterns of Population Growth § Exponential Growth § Reproductive rate is greater than 0. § J-shaped curve § R-selected species: opportunistic species § Logistic Growth § Limiting factors restrict the size of the population to carrying capacity. § S-shaped or sigmoid curve § K-selected species: population size remains constant.
Human Population Growth § What are the 4 factors that made exponential growth possible? § § www. campbellbiology. com Login: Password: Chapter 52: Activity: Human Population Growth
Community Ecology § Interactions of populations. § 3 Forms of interactions § 1. Interspecific competition § 2. Predation § 3. Symbiosis
Interspecific Competition § § Competitive Exclusion Principle Resource Partitioning Character displacement Realized Niche
Predation § § True Predator Parasite Parasitoid Herbivore
Symbiosis § Mutualism § Commensalism § Parasitism
Bottle Gentiana andrewsii The "bottle gentian" (or "closed gentian") is an unusual woodland flower -- its common name derives from the fact that its petals never open! Mature flowers look just like large buds. Although these flowers produce a rich source of pollen and nectar, most insect pollinators are not able to get inside. Bottle gentians are pollinated almost exclusively by large bumblebees that are strong enough to force.
The Torsalo (or "human bot fly") is native to the New World tropics where it is regarded as a pest because its larvae burrow under skin and live within warm-blooded animals. Torsalos are the only species of bot fly that invade humans. An adult torsalo is a rather large insect (10 -15 mm) with a bluish-black body, brown wings, and yellow markings on the face and legs. It is a loud, buzzing flier that tends to attract attention to itself. Ordinarily, such a large, obnoxious insect would have difficulty approaching a large animal to lay eggs. But female torsalos overcome this problem by catching smaller flies (like mosquitoes) and gluing eggs to the underside of the captive's body. The captive is released unharmed, carrying the torsalo's eggs until it lands on a warm-blooded host. Body heat from the host triggers rapid hatching of the torsalo's eggs. The tiny maggots burrow quickly into the skin (even through clothing) and begin development as internal parasites. ENTOMOLOGY FOR EDUCATORS, www. cals. ncsu. edu/course/ent 591 k/symbiosis. html
The Light-Organ Symbiosis of Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian squid, Euprymna scolopes During the day the bobtailed squid, Euprymna scolopes, remains buried in the sand of shallow reef flats. As the sun sets, the nocturnal animal emerges from its safe hiding place and searches for food. In the moonlit night, the squid would appear as a dark silhouette when it swims through the water and would be easily detected by predatory fish from below. It is thought that the squid camouflages itself by projecting light downward from its light organ. Inside the light organ are luminescent bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, that produce the light. ENTOMOLOGY FOR EDUCATORS, www. cals. ncsu. edu/course/ent 591 k/symbiosis. html
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between clownfish of the genus Amphiprion (family, Pomacentridae) that dwell among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the anemone fish from its predators (a special mucus on the anemone fish protects it from the stinging tentacles). Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Symbiosis
Goby fish sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind leaving it vulnerable to predators when above ground. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it of imminent danger. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retract into the burrow. Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Symbiosis.
A famous land version of symbiosis is the relationship of the Egyptian Plover bird and the crocodile. In this relationship, the bird is well known for preying on parasites that feed on crocodiles which are potentially harmful for the animal. To that end, the crocodile openly invites the bird to hunt on his body, even going so far as to open the jaws to allow the bird enter the mouth safely to hunt. For the bird's part, this relationship not only is a ready source of food, but a safe one considering that few predator species would dare strike at the bird at such close proximity to its host. Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Symbiosis.
Hermit crabs use gastropod shells to protect their body. www. afsc. noaa. gov/kodiak/
Photo: www. life. uiuc. edu/. . . / Images/orchid_on_bark. jpg Epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) which grow on tall trees, in order to gain better access to light. Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Symbio sis
Some birds, like this owl, live in holes in trees. photo: www. punchstock. com/. . . / medio/cd_4800115. html
zentelligence. blogspot. com/ remora. jpg Remoras travel attached to a shark and share scraps of food missed by their host. The shark doesn’t even seem to notice.
www. worldwildlife. org/ windows/images/warthog. jpg The oxpecker rids the warthog of ticks and obtains food in the process.
Chalcids are tiny, dark-coloured wasps, often metallic blue or green with complex sculpturing on the body. They are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation. In a few species the larvae feed inside seeds and stems. Generally beneficial to humans as a group, chalcids keep crop pests under control, and many species have been imported to control insect pests. Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chalcid
A large Australian Garden Orb Weaver Spider. It has captured a bee in its web and has spun it into a coccoon. Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Garden_orb_weaver 05. jpg.
Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/w iki/Pitcher_plant. Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants whose prey-trapping mechanism features a deep cavity filled with liquid. Insects such as flies are attracted to this cavity, often by the red-purple color and by the nectar within. The liquid contained within the pitcher traps and gradually dissolves the body of the insect. This may occur by bacterial action, or be due to enzymes secreted by the plant itself. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excrement the plant absorbs. Whatever the mechanism of digestion, the prey items are converted into a 'soup' of amino acids, peptides, phosphate, ammonium and urea, from which the plant obtains its mineral nutrition (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus). Like all carnivorous plants, they occur in locations where the soil is too poor in minerals and/or too acidic for most plants to be able to grow.
photo: http: //www. entm. purdue. edu/wildlife/coyote_pictures. htm Coyotes attack, kill and eat sheep.
Both hyena and buzzards feed from abandoned carcasses. Photo: w 3. dwm. ks. edu. tw/. . . / 51/images/ch 51 c 5. jpg.
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