ECOLOGY Chapter 20 WHAT IS ECOLOGY Ecology the
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ECOLOGY Chapter 20
WHAT IS ECOLOGY? ? Ecology: the study of how living things interact with their environment.
Habitat: SECTION 1: LIVING THINGS & THE ENVIRONMENT – Where an organism lives that provides the things it needs to survive – Different organisms need different habitats – One area may contain many habitats – Food, water & shelter are provided in an organism's habitat.
BIOTIC FACTORS • All the living things in an environment.
ABIOTIC FACTORS • All the nonliving things that affect organisms in their environment • Examples include: – Water – Soil – Sunlight – Temperature & – Oxygen
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN AN ECOSYSTEM:
• The smallest level in an ecosystem is an organism (1 individual). • All the individuals of one species living in a certain area is called a population.
• All the different populations of species in an area make up a community. • To be considered a community, populations must live close enough together to interact. • Ex) Eat the same food, prey or be preyed on by other species, use the same resources (water, etc. ) to
ECOSYSTEM: THE COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN A PARTICULAR AREA, ALONG WITH THEIR NON-LIVING SURROUNDINGS.
WHAT MAKES AN ECOSYSTEM DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER LEVELS? • Organisms, populations & communities are all made up of biotic factors, factors or living things! • An ecosystem contains both biotic AND abiotic factors, factors or non-living things in a particular area.
POPULATION SIZE There are 4 ways to determine population size: 1. Direct Observation: count all the members of a population. 2. Indirect Observation: looking at signs of organisms instead of actual numbers • Example: looking at swallow mud nests, count the number of entrance holes- on average each nest has 4 swallows- multiply
3. Sampling: if population is large or spread over a large area you can’t count them all, you have to make an estimate based on reasonable assumptions.
4. Mark and Recapture Studies: Studies Capture animals and mark them. Then come back two weeks later and capture again. Count how many marked and unmarked that you count. Use a mathematical formula to calculate the estimated total population.
CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE Birth & Death Rate: • birth rate higher then death rate- population gets bigger • Death rate higher then birth rate= population gets smaller
CHANGES CONTINUED… • Population size changes when animals move in and out of the population. • Emigration is moving OUT of a population • Immigration is moving INTO a population
POPULATION DENSITY • How many organisms there are in a certain amount of area • Pop. Density= # of individuals/ Unit area • Example: 20 butterflies in 10 square meters of area, population density would be 2 butterflies per meter squared.
LIMITING FACTORS • An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing. • These environmental factors include: • • Food & water Space Temperature Rainfall
CARRYING CAPACITY The largest population that an area can support.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH • With unlimited resources, populations will grow. • This is called exponential growth and is represented by a “J-Shaped” curve.
LOGISTIC GROWTH • Occurs when there are limiting factors that keep population growth balanced. • called an “S-Curve”
INTERACTIONS AMONG ORGANISMS
PREDATOR VS. PREY • Predator An animal that hunts, kills, and eats another. • Prey An animal that is killed and eaten by a predator.
ADAPTATIONS FOR FEEDING • Ambush (camouflage) • Teeth • Night vision • Echolocation
DEFENSE STRATEGIES • Camouflage • False coloring- false eyepredators think organisms head is someplace else • Warning coloration: Bright colors to tell predators they are poisonous • Protective covering: porcupine
MIMICRY The resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for protection from predators.
SYMBIOSIS • A relationship between organisms of different species in which at least one organism benefits. • Three types of symbiotic relationships: – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism
MUTUALISM • BOTH species benefit from living together • Examples: – Shark & teeth cleaning fish – Crocodiles & cattle egrets – Moray Eel & Cleaner Fish *Moray Eel gets a clean mouth *Cleaner Fish gets a meal
COMMENSALISM • One species benefits, other is neither harmed nor benefitted • Example: Clown Fish & Anemone • Clown fish gets protection • Anemone is
PARASITISM • One species benefits and the other is harmed Taenia worm in human eye • Examples: – – – Leeches Ticks Hookworms Tapeworms botfly • Worm infects human blood stream • Human may go blind
COMPETITION • When a resource is limited organisms must compete for it (due to limiting factors) • Usually the organism that competes the best reproduces more often & passes on those genes that allow it to be more successful- NATURAL SELECTION
NICHE • The role of an organism in its habitat, or how it makes its living. • Different from habitat (where it lives)
SUCCESSION • Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time
PRIMARY SUCCESSION • Occurs in an area where NO soil or organisms exist • Ex: Volcano erupting, resulting in an area of land
• The 1 st species to populate that area is called a pioneer species • Examples: Moss or lichen • Break up the rocks and provide nutrients to the soil • Over time seeds land in the soil and grow • Grasses and shrubs often replace the pioneer plants
SECONDARY SUCCESSION • Series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, BUT soil and organisms are still present • Natural disturbances: fire, flooding, tornado, etc. … • Human disturbances: logging, farming…
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