Echinoderms Examples Sea stars sand dollars sea urchins

Echinoderms

Examples Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Echinoderms Invertebrates Inhabit marine environments Most radially symmetrical No head (cephalization) Exoskeleton Calcium Carbonate Water-vascular Water filled canals Tube system feet Movement, feeding, respiration, excretion

Fish

Phylum: Chordates Notochord Dorsal nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail

Subphylum: Vertebrates Three characteristics Vertebral column Skull Endoskeleton

Types of Fish Agnatha Lampreys and Hagfishes Eel-like bodies Lack jaws, fins, and bones

Hagfish and Lampreys Hagfish Bottom dwellers Burrow into body of dead fish to eat Tie their bodies in not to evade Hagfish Lampreys Can be parasitic Feed on blood and fluids of host Lamprey Invasion

Types of Fish Chondrichthyes Sharks, Have rays, and skates jaws and fins Cartilage skeleton Unique scales-Placoid Sharks

Types of Fish Osteichthyes Bony Fish: Salmon, perch, catfish Bone Lungs Scales Jaws or swim bladder

Lobe-finned Fish 7 species still exist Lungfish exchange gases through lungs and gills Ancestors of amphibians

Ray-finned fish Fins supported by bony elements called rays Eels, perch, trout, guppies, bass

Reduce Friction Detects vibrations. Senses

Skull, spinal column, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and ribs

Digestive & Excretion System Carnivores Mouth Esophagus Stomach Intestine Anus Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Excretion Kidneys Urine Urinary bladder

Circulatory System Heart, blood vessels, blood Heart arteries gills tissues veins heart

Respiratory System Gills Gill Arch Gill filaments

Nervous Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Lateral Line

Reproduction Male and female fish External fertilization Mortality of eggs & young fish are high Lay many eggs Spawning Build nests Migrate to warm water

Swim bladder Thin-walled sac that contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen Adjust the density of fish Move up and down in water

Classification Phylum: Chordata Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae

Amphibians

Adaptation to Land Evolved from lobefinned fish Water dried up and adapted Escape predation and competition Amphibians = “Double” and “life”

Characteristics of Early Amphibians Shared Traits Skull Vertebral column Bones in the fin Structure & position Other Traits Sense Organs Scent Large & sound tail Large teeth Gills 7 toes

Characteristics Most change from water to land Moist, thin skin with no scales Webbed feet Gills, lungs or skin in respiration Eggs laid in water that lack shells

Modern Amphibians Anura Frogs and Toads Urodela Salamandars Apoda Legless amphibians Caecilians

External Structure Skin Respiration & protection Potential dehydration Mucous glands Mucus Foul-tasting or poisonous substances

Internal Structures Urostyle Radio-ulna Tibiofibula Fused Bones - Absorb the forces

Digestive System Larva – Herbivores Algae Adults & bacteria Carnivores Insects and small arthropods Mice, snakes, fish

Digestive System Mouth esophagus stomach small/large intestine cloaca vent Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

Excretory System Kidneys Urine Urinary Ducts Cloaca Urinary bladder

Respiration Larval amphibians Exchange CO 2 and O 2 through gills and skin Adult Lungs and skin Pressure differences force air in and out of lungs

Circulatory System 2 Loop system Deoxygenated blood heart lungs oxygenated blood heart muscles heart Arteries & veins Eliminates mixing of de/oxygenated blood

Nervous System Brain Olfactory Lobes - Smell Cerebrum – Responsible for learning Optic Lobes – Sight Cerebellum – Muscular coordination Medulla Oblongata – Joins brain and spinal cord Spinal cord

Sense Organs Lateral In Line Larva Eyes covered by nictitating membrane Ears Tympanic membrane

Reproductive System Male and Female Courtship Mating calls Direct External Fertilization Female lays eggs and male discharges sperm over them Parental care

Metamorphosis