Echinococcus granulosus By Rebecca Rawlings Quick Review Session

Echinococcus granulosus By: Rebecca Rawlings

Quick Review Session…. . • Common name: Tapeworm • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Platyhelminthes • Class: Eucestoda • Class: Cestoda • Order: Cyclophyllidea • Genus : Echinococcus • Species: granulosus

“Why did it have to be Parasites……. anything but parasites” Echinococcus granulosus Found in recently excavated tomb (1991) outside the “City of David”, Jerusalem Two hollow, pebble-like artifacts were found in the abdominal cavity of an individual buried in a tomb datable to the Herodian period.

More Historical Finds…. Babylonian Talmud Corpus Hippocratorum 4 th century BC--Hippocrates 1 st century AD—Arataeus 2 nd century AD—Galen Hippocrates Babylonian Talmud Galen

The Brains behind it all…. . German zoologist who was famous in Russia. 17 th Century First man to appreciate the parasitic nature of the cycts 1766— hypothesis that these cysts were the larval stages of tapeworms. 1863—found adult tapeworms in dogs fed with hydatid cysts 1853—demonstrated from a human that Echinococcus cysts from sheep gave rise to adult tapeworms when fed to dogs.

Historical Development-Migration • Echinococcus granulosus was introduced into Australia from Europe. Its lifecycle was unknown. • End of 19 th century: Cystic Hydatid Disease was recognized in humans as an important cause of death • End of 20 th century: Research contributed… 1) Differentiation of pastoral from wildlife Echinococcus 2) Breaking the ‘epidemiological code’ of the family Taeniidae,

Texas Jerusalem United States

Endemic Areas Central Europe South America Mediterranean countries Middle East Australia & New Zealand South Africa

Crikey!! Echinococcus granulosus is prevalent in Australia…. . but it is most common in the sheep-farming areas • New South Wales • The Australian Capital Territory • Victoria • Eastern Queensland. Scientist believed it arrived in Australia soon after European settlement, probably in infected sheep or dogs.

In Australia…… (Where it Echinococcus granulosus is most prevalent) Farm-dog to sheep cycle Wild ‘reservoir’ cycle

Infrastructure • People who live on farms are most commonly infected. • Direct contact with dogs is the most common way people get Echinococcus granulosus • Also, in Perth pig and kangaroo shooters are susceptible. These shooters feed the offal of their kills to their dogs, which can disease their owners. • Foxes are known to raid suburban areas in search of food. Can distribute eggs into picnic areas and outdoor cafes.

Where it’s cold…. . Echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern Fennoscandia to the Bering Strait in Eurasia and in North America from arctic Alaska approximately to the northern border of the US. Two natural cycles involve the wolf and wild reindeer & wolf and elk(moose). Both deer are prey of the wolf.

The Alaskan People…. • herding-dogs and domesticated reindeer caused Echinococcus in arctic Eurasia. • Because many sled-dogs have been replaced by machines, the cases have • Alaska—sled-dogs of hunters became infected by consuming the gone down a lot. lungs of wild reindeer. Then, when people became inactive during • Echinococcosis is increasing in some of Russia…. . dogs are probably used for the winter the villages would become severely contaminated by dog herding. feces.

• Prevent farm dogs from eathing the offal (internal organs) of dead livestock • The second step is to ‘worm’ dogs regualary, which usually involoves feeding them a drug called praziquantel to kill the tapeworm Wash hands, especially after being with animals PREVENTION • Burn carcasses of dead livestock Don’t let a dog lick your face Vaccinate Sheep

Problems…. . • Many scientist think eradicating the disease from the Australian mainland is nearly impossible… although farmers are careful, the wild ‘reservoir’ of the disease over powers their efforts. • Wild dogs, dingos and some foxes carry the eggs which infects livestock • Kangaroos, wallabies, and wombats are also susceptible making matters harder to control

Medication Praziquantel Arecoline Surgery

THE END!!

Sites • http: //www. awf. gda • www. google. com • www. emedicine. com • http: //journals. cambridge. org • http: //www. joezias. com • http: //www. jstor. org