ECE FYP BRIEFING RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW TURNITIN

ECE FYP BRIEFING : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW TURNITIN SEMESTER I, 2018/2019 4 th October 2018

REPORT ORGANIZATION – FYP 1 • ABSTRACT FYP 1 • INTRODUCTION (CHAPTER 1) FYP 1 • LITERATURE REVIEW (CHAPTER 2) FYP 1 • METHODOLOGY (CHAPTER 3) FYP 1 • PRELIMINARY DATA -optional FYP 1 • CONCLUSION (CHAPTER 4) FYP 1 • STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS FYP 1 • GANTT CHART FOR FYP 2

REPORT ORGANIZATION – FYP 2 FYP 2 • ABSTRACT • INTRODUCTION (CHAPTER 1) • LITERATURE REVIEW (CHAPTER 2) • METHODOLOGY (CHAPTER 3) • RESULT (CHAPTER 4) • CONCLUSION (CHAPTER 5) • STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORKS

ABSTRACT A good summary of your project What are your findings? Example: Problem statement Currently, the cell-based biosensors have to be connected to an expensive impedance analyzer in order to obtain the measurement values. In addition, the impedance analyzer is bulky and not easily portable. Therefore, in this work, a low frequency impedance analyzer is designed by generating a low frequency AC signal that is sent to the sensor in order to measure the impedance of a cell. The prototype design is able to detect the presence of water and a cell media. It consists of a biosensor which requires a low frequency AC input signal and the impedance data of the water and cell media is to be measured and displayed using an Arduino system. The design had successfully shown that the prototype is able to detect and differentiate the two different substances based on their resistance and capacitance. REFERENCE: Arduino-Based AC Input Signal Generator Circuit for Biosensor Impedance Measurement What you project is going to achieve? Methodology Findings

Problem statement Drivers can easily be distracted by their handheld devices while they are driving and this ultimately contributed to the increase of road accidents. This work proposed a steering wheel cover that is designed using an array of touch sensors TTP 223 and Raspberry Pi 3 microprocessor. A tilt sensor is also incorporated in order to mimic the movement of the system. Using Python as the main programming language and the Raspbian OS, for a sample size of 40 touch inputs, the system yielded an accuracy of 97. 5 % and 75. 0 % in its input detection during stationary and driving mode. The results have shown that as a proof of concept, the proposed system is capable of detecting touch inputs from the user’s hand determining the position of the hands on the steering wheel. Methodology Findings

GOOD All important information are clearly organized and summarized. Provides a good understanding on what the project is all about BAD Poorly written, lack important information such as problem statement, methodology, findings and conclusion

INTRODUCTION – CHAPTER 1 / s i s e th e h t o t Intro t r o p e r project WHA T WHY HO W

Arduino-Based AC Input Signal Generator Circuit for Biosensor Impedance Measurement OVERVIEW Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a valuable tool for real time monitoring of cell behavior such as attachment, mobility, and growth. In order to employ ECIS, the cells need to attach, spread and proliferate on the sensor in the presence of adhesion-promoting protein that mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cells. The impedance change due to the cell growth and attachment was modeled as an equivalent circuit consisting of resistors and capacitors of both the cell culture media and the cells.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Currently, the impedance measurements were performed using an impedance analyzer which is expensive and also bulky. Efforts have been made to design a portable impedance measuring system. Therefore, this work will focus on producing a low cost impedance analyzer that it is able to detect and differentiate different substances based on their resistance and capacitance. The prototype must be able to perform the measurements using a biosensor at which the impedance data is measured and displayed using an Arduino system.

OBJECTIVES Example of keyword for Objectives � To investigate. . � To analyze. . � To design. . � To validate. . � To simulate. .

METHODOLOGY Explain in one paragraph your proposed methodology – no need flowchart as this will be introduce in Chapter 3 Initially, the design of a circuit that produces a low frequency AC input signal is perform using simulation tools such as PSPICE. The circuit is initially tested as an input to a resistor and capacitor and their values are displayed using the Arduino system. Then, the biosensor is connected to the input signal circuitry and the controlled data is measured. Finally, the resistance and capacitance are measured when different substances are placed in the biosensor chamber. The measured data is then compared with the controlled data.

REPORT ORGANIZATION The body of the report consists of five chapters …. This chapter gives an overview on the problem statement, methodology and the objectives of this project. An overview on past research done on the bioelectrical impedance measurement related to this work is presented in Chapter 2. The methodology of this work is presented in Chapter 3. It consist of… Future work and some concluding comments are presented in Chapter 4. . NOTE: Any preliminary results should be in Chapter 3. In other words, FYP 1 has no result chapter yet.

GOOD Introduction Objectives BAD Demonstrate high Demonstrate poor understanding on the topic. No with a valid and concise problem statement is defined. problem statement The overall purpose for undertaking the research or undertaking the project is not experiment(s) is stated in a stated fully, and is unclear, concise manner.

LITERATURE REVIEW – CHAPTER 2 Journal papers Discuss the literature and JUSTIFY your project Topic Tex tbook FYP 1 s Literatur e on Method s Do not forget to reference the literature properly Theory

Impose minimum references: 10 -15 references (references latest last 5 years) No Wikipedia and no websites Journals and conference papers Textbooks How to get references? � IEEE Xplore � Google Scholar

Introduction to the Literature Review [1] The introduction must clearly highlight WHAT you will cover in this review. This is particularly important in a large topic area. In this example, the focus is on silicon nanowire fabrication techniques In recent years, a few silicon nanowire fabrication techniques have also been proposed using the top-down approach.

Linking Multiple sources [1] As you can observed, there is a comparison (keyword: similarly, however, supported) between references. Most of the publications had utilized this approach to produce lateral silicon nanowires which are fabricated from silicon or silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates [5, 19]. Experiments performed by Ciucci et al [20] and Pennelli et al [21] for example had used SOI as the starting substrate. However, the patterning was also achieved using electron beam (e-beam) lithography, which is not suitable for high-volume manufacturing because of its limited throughput. Some publications [2, 8, 9] have made the observation that the silicon nanowire surface could be depleted of charge carriers due to the presence of native oxide resulting in the reduction of conducting cross-sectional area. However, most of the published work is studying the effect of depletion with cylindrical cross sectional area.

For e-beam lithography, the patterning is performed serially which is very slow compared to a parallel technique such as photolithography in which the entire surface is patterned at once. Another fabrication technique, as used by Sheu et al [22] is Scanning Probe Lithography. It is a technique that uses the tip of a scanning probe microscope to create a pattern. Although this method is cheaper than e-beam lithography, it is relatively hard to control. A more cost effective approach is to use photolithography as the patterning mode. There also a number of published papers [23 -25] that used photolithography as a mean to fabricate silicon nanowires using SOI. However, the fabricated nanowires were usually wider than the nanowires produced using high resolution lithography. Again more comparison (keyword: Although, However) But, you can also see that now, you can add your own opinion

Characterization of Silicon Nanowire: Conductivity In order to investigate the conductivity of the silicon nanowires fabricated either by the bottom up or the top-down approach, the nanowires can be characterized using two and four-point probe measurement. The latter method is performed in order to eliminate the contribution of contact resistance. The I-V characteristics obtained from both measurements are used to observe the extent of the silicon nanowires conductivity by calculating the resistance as documented in [26 -29].

Poor Literature Review [1] This shows no critical thinking, no link between sources and no evaluation, merely reporting

Keywords [1] Suggest (that) Recent studies outlined by Leonard et al [1] suggest that personality and disposition play an equally important role in motivation. Argue (that) Leonard et al [1] argue that there are three elements of self perception. Conclude(s) (that) Reviewing the results of the case study, Taylor [1] concludes that theories of job enrichment and employee motivation do work. State He further states that there is an increasing importance on the role of autonomy and self regulation of tasks in increasing motivation. Found (that) Mullins [1] found that there is an increasing importance on the role of autonomy and self regulation of tasks in improving motivation. Establish(ed) (by) As established by Csikszentmihalyi [1] 'the more students feel in command of their learning, the more they fulfil their learning potential'. Asserts (that) Locke's Goal Setting Theory asserts that setting specific goals tends to encourage work motivation [1] Show(s) Various theories of motivation show employers that there are many factors that influence employees work performance. Claim(s) (that) Hackman and Oldham [1] claim that people with enriched jobs, and high scores on the Job Diagnostic Survey, experienced more satisfaction and motivation. Report(s) Mention(s) Mullins [1] reports on four content theories of motivation. Mullins [1] mentions two common general criticisms of Herzberg's theory.

Paraphrasing convey the information from the original source in your paper by rephrasing it in your own words – the new form must still reflects the original text accurately. But remember: You still have to cite the reference. Steps to Effective Paraphrasing [2] 1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase. 3. Check your version with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 4. Record the source (including the page) so that you can cite it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Example (Short Sentences) ORIGINAL: The task of the engineer is to produce the correct product at the correct cost at the correct time. (Fox , 1977) PARAPHRASE: Fox (1977) states that engineers need to come up with the right product at the right time and at a reasonable price ORIGINAL: If a product misses its window of opportunity, the manufacturer can lose up to 33% of the life cycle profits. (taken from page 45) PARAPHRASE: Fox (1977) claims that 33% of profits can be lost if a product is not marketed correctly.

At the end of your literature review chapter, you can produce a ‘Table of Summary’ that shows the comparison for each previous research done by other people For example: Reference Method Software Remarks Hardware Fox et al [1] Chen et al [2] Rahman et al [3] Hence by referring to the table, you can make decisions on your methodology. What software to use? Why you choose that software? And so on

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT SUBMISSION OF LITERATURE REVIEW – CHAPTER 2 14 November 2018 (Wednesday) – One copy only Please include your list of references together with the chapter Include Turnitin similarity percentage report. You need to submit your chapter to your supervisor for him/her to generate the similarity percentage for you. The similarity percentage for Chapter 2 must be

Submit to the ECE Department Office Cover page can be downloaded from the website The chapter will be evaluated by your supervisor Your supervisor will give feedback to you and you can improve the chapter before the report submission

GOOD BAD Depth and breadth of the review and the analysis The findings/results of articles were thoughtfully compared, contrasted and/or connected to each other. Demonstrate good critical thinking skill with balanced views from various perspectives. The findings of articles were mentioned with little and or no comparison or connection to each other. Merely reporting. Organization of Content The review was logically organized in relation with the content of the selected articles. The reader is guided smoothly throughout the paper. The review was not focused and writing was difficult to follow throughout References More than 10 reliable references were selected and each specifically related to the project. Sources are appropriate and reputable. The references are properly cited using APA/IEEE. A couple of reliable references were selected; some minimally related to the project, improperly cited, questionable sources (most are websites) Conclusion The knowledge and information are synthesized and brought to a logical conclusion. A summary of the main points is clearly articulated The conclusion of the review did not summarize the knowledge found from the selected articles.

METHODOLOGY – CHAPTER 3 How ? Including : cost (if applicable) Details of equipment Selection Process etc • Flowchart • Block Diagram Step 1 • explai n Step 2 • explai n Step 3 • explai n

• • • Develop algorithm to compute the signal position Algorithm simulation and evaluation Identify display interface Optimize parameter setup configuration Test and debug

FYP 1 : PRELIMINARY RESULTS (OPTIONAL) – INCLUDE IN CHAPTER 3 • Simulation of your sub-circuit and then experimental work • Calibration of your sensors • Results of tutorials related to your project (software based)

GOOD BAD Clearly addresses the techniques and No clear description of techniques procedures used, Well organized, and procedures used. Disorganized clear and concise narrative. Some and unclear narrative. preliminary results are documented

CONCLUSION/FUTURE WORK – CHAPTER 4 Which objectives that you have achieved in FYP 1? What are your plans for FYP 2? � Gantt Chart

STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS What are the possible limitations that you can think for your project ? Example : However, the designed circuit can only operates at frequency between 1 k. Hz to 3 k. Hz

LANGUAGE GOOD BAD Excellent grammatical structure used. The information is presented very well, with strong, clear and convincing argument together with relevant evidence to support Poor grammatical structure with many grammatical errors, contain disjointed sentences and poor statement of explanation with no supporting evidence

Any question ?