EAT 343 PUBLIC HEALTH AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE PART

EAT 343 : PUBLIC HEALTH AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE PART B: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGY AMPRIM, MIMM, MESM Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Dip. (Public Health), B. Tech (Env), MSc. (Env. Eng), ph. D(Polymer Recycling)

Difference : Env. Health Vs Public Health Environmental Health- The study of how the environment affect human health. E. g. air, food, water, sunlight, noise, soil and etc. To ensure conducive working at atmosphere. Public Health- Is a preventive medicine activity to break the chain of Agent-Host-Environment to avoid the occurrences of diseases. E. g. Cholera, H 1 N 1, HIV and etc Powerpoint Templates Page 2

What is epidemiology? Epidemiology is the study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and other health related conditions in human populations, and the application of this study to the promotion of health, and to the prevention and control of health problems. Powerpoint Templates Page 3

What is epidemiology? -Study of disease in Populations -Study of patterns, causes and control of dieses in populations. -The branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution and control of disease in populations -The study of the spread of disease within and between populations -Is the study of disease and public health by using statistic Powerpointtechniques. Templates Page 4

What is epidemiology? Epi = among (disease related) Demos= people or population Lagos= Doctrine/study Powerpoint Templates Page 5

Disease Transmission What should Env. Engineers do? The source/ Agents The path way/ Environment Human/Host In-halation(air) -Biological agent - Air (virus/Bac/Parasite/mold) - Food/Water -Chemical agent - Direct Contact (Acid/Bases/Toxic/Rad. ) -Physical agent (Noise/Temp. /Humidity. . ) Powerpoint Templates Ingestion(Food/ water) Dermal Absorption Page 6

Important Terms of epidemiology? Agents- Entity necessary to cause disease in a susceptible host Hosts-The organism that is susceptible to the effect of the agent Environments-The conditions or influences that are not a part of the agent or host, but influence their interactions Mode of Transmission-The means of carrying the agent to the host Port of Entry- Pathway into the host that gives the agent access to tissue where it can multiply or act. Epidemic-Occurrence of more cases of disease than would normally be expected in a specific place or group of people over a given period of time. Pandemic- an epidemic occurring over a widespread area (multiple countries or continents) and usually affecting a substantial proportion of the population. Endemic the constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population; can also refer to the usual prevalence of an agent or condition. Sporadic -an event that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Zoonosis- an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans. Powerpoint Templates Page 7

Terms of epidemiology? epidemiology, applied the application or practice of epidemiology to control and prevent health problems. epidemiology, descriptive the aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing and summarizing data regarding the persons affected (e. g. , the characteristics of those who became ill), time (e. g. , when they become ill), and place (e. g. , where they might have been exposed to the cause of illness). Epidemiology, analytic the aspect of epidemiology concerned with why and how a health problem occurs. Analytic epidemiology uses comparison groups to provide baseline or expected values so that associations between exposures and outcomes can be quantified and hypotheses about the cause of the problem can be tested (see also study, analytic). Powerpoint Templates Page 8

Descriptive and analytical Epidemiology ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY Testing a specific Examining the hypothesis about the distribution of a disease relationship of a disease in a population, and to a putative cause, by observing the basic conducting an features of its epidemiologic study that distribution in terms of relates the exposure of time, place, and interest to the disease of person. interest. (Who, what, when and (how, why) where of the health event) Typical study design: Typical study designs: cohort, case-control community health survey (approximate synonyms - crosssectional study, Powerpoint Templates Page 9 descriptive study)

Purpose of epidemiology? -Identify causes and risk factor for disease - Determine the extent of disease in the community -Study natural history and prognosis of disease -Evaluate preventive and therapeutic measures -Provide foundation for public policy Descriptive epidemiology (Information available about occurrence of disease, demographic characteristic and disease rates in population)( Time/place/person) Analytical epidemiology (Test hypothesis to evaluate expose-disease information using epidemiology triad. Agent/host/Environment) Powerpoint Templates Page 10

Epidemiological process Measure of Disease frequency -Quantification of existence or occurance of disease Distribution of Disease -4 W’s (Where, When, Who, Why) -Formulation of hypothesis (Causal/Preventive) Determination of Disease -Hypothesis Statistical proofed (Chi Square test, Exact Fisher test…etc) - 1 W(Why) & 1 H (How) -Treatment/ Prevention Powerpoint Templates Page 11

Exercise 2 In a lunch at a School in Perlis, 152 students were rush to hospital for treatment and screening due vomiting, abdominal cramp and malaise. The public health have interviewed and found the 2 food is highly susceptible for the incidence. Nasi lemak and Cendol. You as a epidemiologist we requested to rule out the food responsible; Following data are provided: History of Eating ill Well Total Ate Nasi Lemak 97 (a) 36(b) 133 (a + b) did Not ate Nasi Lemak 2 (c) 23 (d) 25 (c+ d) Total 99( a + c) 59 (b + d) 158 (n=a+b+c+d) d. f= degree of freedom ; (r-1)(c-1) α= Confidence level (%) Templates Powerpoint Page 12

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Nasi lemak Powerpoint Templates Page 14

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Task for next Lecture/Wishes Read about Health at Work Place (Thank You for being my excellent students) Fear of God, Humbleness and Hard work results in Powerpoint Templates success. Page 17

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