Easter Rising in 1916 Germination of Rising After

Easter Rising in 1916

Germination of Rising • After 1902, even in peace time, the Ireland police were more military and the military more police-like than in Britain. Miliary parties were called out to suppress industrial unrest (as Lockout 1913), to protect the property, and to assist police action against nationalist paramilitaries. • The Ulster Volunteers were a Unionist militia founded in 1912 to block domestic self-government (or Home Rule) for Ireland, which was then part of the United Kingdom. • Founding of The Ulster Volunteers, aroused a feeling of insecurity of Nationalist and also served as the model for the nationalist. James Connolly formed Irish Citizen Army (200 members) early 1913 and Irish Volunteers were formed in Dublin in Nov 1913 ( 20, 000 members in early 1914) as well. • They are used to against the Ulster Volunteers once Home Rule had been applied. Irish Volunteers Lockout 1913

Germination of Rising • Home Rule for Ireland dominated political debate between the two countries since Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone introduced the first Home Rule Bill in 1886, intended to grant a measure of selfgovernment and national autonomy to Ireland, but which was rejected by the House of Commons. • The second Home Rule Bill, seven years later having passed the House of Commons, was vetoed by the House of Lords. • Third Home Rule Bill, introduced in 1912, 1913 and 1914. Passed the Commons but rejected by Lords. Nevertheless, as required by the Parliament Act, the Bill automatically became the Law in 1914. • It was formally postponed for a minimum of twelve months with the outbreak of the First World War. The continuation of the war beyond 1915 and subsequent developments in Ireland led to further postponements, meaning that the Act never took effect;

Germination of Rising • No hope for the Bill took effect. • Desire for independence had mounted, outstripping the laborious passage of the Bill. • Influence of the radical Irish Republican Brotherhood permeated the whole Irish Volunteers structure. Radical leader Patrick Pearse got part of the control of Irish Volunteers. • Outbreak of WWI eagerly reared the believe that “England’s difficulties were Ireland’s opportunities. ” • German arms support

The Rising : Plans? • Plans for Rising, not only in Dublin but in various parts of Ireland. • Carefully worded advertisements had ensured that 10, 000 Volunteers would be ready on Easter Sunday. • Plunkett, the chief strategist of Irish Volunteers, made ambitious attempts to obtain German arms and sketched an absurd plan to hold the important buildings in Dublin. • James Connolly was a strong advocate of “street fighting” as a way of maximizing the effect of small forces, and driving up the financial cost of repressive action and lingering hope that a really dramatic insurrection could trigger a mass response.

The Rising: Luckless prelude • Around 10, 000 Irish Volunteers was mobilized on 19 th Apr. and manoeuvred around Dublin and other towns. • Mac. Neill (Commander-in-chief of Irish Volunteers) heard the news that Cargo ship with German arms was intercepted by British Vessel and Roger Casement was arrested near Tralee, Co. Kerry. on 22 nd Apr. • Mac. Neill helped countermand the Easter Monday uprising, after learning about it and confronting Patrick Pearse, by placing a last minute news advertisement advising Volunteers not to take part. • Patrick Pearse insisted to continue and only 1, 300 radical Irish Volunteers (and 219 Irish Citizen Army) joined the Rising on Monday and the insurrection was confined in Dublin.

The Rising: Clash of arms • Easter Monday 24 th Apr 1916 was a public holiday. Most of Dublin citizen concerned the Irish Grand National was being run in Fairyhouse race course. • Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army seized five groups of large buildings. However, half hearted attempt to capture Dublin Castle (premier symbol of British rule) as quickly aborted. • Patrick Pearse read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic from outside the General Post Office. Headquarters of Irish Volunteers and Citizen Army Irish Volunteers inside GPO

The Rising: Clash of arms • Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army put themselves on the defensive and handed the operational initiative to much stronger British Army. • British authorities could have relaxed at a fairly early stage. • British military action became more intense and violent, assault to buildings and artillery bombardment of Liberty Hall and General Post Office. • British troops tightened the cordon around rebel positions on Wednesday. • By Thursday, 1500 Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army fighting men were surrounded by 16, 000 British troops. Irish Citizen Army on roof top Irish Citizen Army on the street British Soldiers Dublin Britishin. Soldiers

End of Easter Rising in 1916 “In order to prevent further slaughter of Dublin citizens, and in hope of saving the lives of our followers now surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered, the members of the Provisional Government present at Headquarters have agreed to an unconditional surrender and the Commandants of various districts in the city and county will order their commands to lay down arms. ” Patrick Pearse himself reported to barricade handed up his sword and was taken to British Forces Commander General Sir John Maxwell. He signed the document of surrender (as above) at 15: 45 on 29 th April 1916.

Consequence • Total casualties over 3, 00. 450 deaths (including 16 executions, 64 losses to the rebels and 132 to crown forces. Others were civilians), as well as 2600 injuries • 1, 000 rebels were surrendered and captured. Courts marital had been convened for them while arresting 2, 500 more people and charging them with complicity in the rising. 1 woman and 120 men were tried by the courts martial: 90 were sentenced to death. Finally, 15 executions which took place between 3 rd to 12 th May. Roger Casement was hanged in Pentonville gaol on 3 Aug. • 1867 men and women interned and gaoled in Britian and the rest were released after questioning between May and June. 600 others were released from internment on 23 Dec 1916. Hundreds were set free in previous months. • During and immediately after the rising, Irish people were confused and dismayed by what had happened. Violent of rebels was condemned. • However, horrible drawn-out executions changed the public mood gradually but palpably. It accelerated the process of Irish Revolution.

Peoples Patrick Pearse: Teacher, poet, nationalist and political activist. Commander-in-chief of Irish Volunteers during Easter Rising. Read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic from outside the General Post Office. Issued the order to surrender on 29 th Apr 1916 Executed on 03 May 1916. The First of the rebels was executed Roger Casement: British diplomat of Irish extraction, humanitarian activist, Irish nationalist, and poet. He obtained German support and smuggled weapons for Irish Volunteers and ICA against British rule during Easter Rising. Convicted by a British court and executed for treason on 03 Aug 1916

Peoples James Larkin: Established Irish Transportation & General Workers’ Union. Presided over the Lockout of 1913. He left for America after Lockout and did not involve in Easter Rising James Connolly: Took over IT&GWU after the Lockout and formed a small militia Irish Citizen Army to protect the workers. Commander of ICA during Easter Rising. Executed on 12 May 1916

Martyr’s Tale / Beginning of a vocation story • Michael Mallin: Born in Dublin, the eldest of nine children of John Mallin. • His early education at the National School at Denmark Street. • Mallin enrolled as a member of the 21 st Royal Scots Fusiliers on 21 October 1889 and served until 1899. • He was a silk weaver after returned to Ireland joined Irish Citizen Army in 1913 as Chief Training Officer. • He was second in command of the Irish Citizen Army under James Connolly in the Easter Rising of 1916 and commanded the garrison at St. Stephen's Green in Dublin. • Executed on 8 May 1916. Just hours before his execution Michael Mallin wrote a letter to his family with his hopes and wishes for their futures. It is the beginning of a vocation story.

Beginning of a vocation story Father Joseph Mallin was just two years old when his mother took him and his siblings to the jail to see their father for the last time. In his father last letter, he said: “Joseph, my little man, be a priest if you can. ”

Father Joseph Mallin The last surviving son of the 1916 Easter Rising • Born in Dublin on 13 th Sept. 1913, the fourth of five children of Michael Mallin. • He followed his father’s will entered the Irish Jesuit Novitiate in 1932 • Received the education in the University College Dublin, Tullbeg College, Ruhan and St. Ignatius College, Galway. • In 1946, He was ordained in Milltown Park • In 1948, he came to China by sea with Fr. W Merritt and four Scholastics. He Spent the next two years in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, studying Chinese language along the way. • In 1950, Fr. Mallin became teacher of Wan Yan Hong Kong. • Served Wan Yan Kowloon for 10 years intermittently between 1957 and 1971.

Father Joseph Mallin The last surviving son of the 1916 Easter Rising • Fr. Mallin spent 4 years in Macau as Principal of Ricci College (1969 – 70, 1978 – 81) • He was the headmaster of Pun U Wan Yan Primary School (1971 -77) and later her Supervisor (1977 – 78, 1981 – 2002) • Fr. Mallin Cherished and conducted parish work every Sunday in Yau Ma Tei Catholic Primary School for over 40 years. He has been a Jesuit for over 80 years and deeply respected by all those who know him.