EAST BAY CLEAN CITIES COALITION Alternative Fuels Overview

EAST BAY CLEAN CITIES COALITION Alternative Fuels Overview Date Richard Battersby Director, East Bay Clean Cities Coalition 1 Clean Cities / 1

U. S. Energy Consumption Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009. Energy Information Administration. Clean Cities / 2

U. S. Petroleum Trends Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009. Energy Information Administration. Clean Cities / 3

U. S. Petroleum Trends Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009. Energy Information Administration. Clean Cities / 4

U. S. Petroleum Trends Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009. Energy Information Administration. Clean Cities / 5

Petroleum Displacement Strategies § Replace petroleum with alternative fuels and low-level blends. § Reduce by promoting energy efficiency in vehicles through advanced technologies and more fuel efficient vehicles. § Eliminate by promoting idle reduction, greater use of mass transit, trip elimination, and other congestion mitigation approaches. Clean Cities / 6

Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Portfolio Alternative Fuels • Biodiesel (B 100, B 20) • Electricity • Ethanol (E 85) • Hydrogen • Methanol • Natural gas • Propane • P-Series Clean Cities / 7 Blended Fuels • Biodiesel/diesel blends (B 2, B 5) • Ethanol/gasoline blends (E 10) • Hydrogen/natural gas blends (HCNG)

Biodiesel Properties • Produced from renewable sources such as new and used vegetable oils and animal fats. • Physical properties are similar to petroleum diesel. • Higher flashpoint makes it safer to handle, store, and transport. Clean Cities / 8

Biodiesel Considerations • Nontoxic and biodegradable • Reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter • Greenhouse gas and air quality benefits • More lubricity than petroleum diesel • Positive energy balance • Cold weather starting and storage issues • 8% less energy per gallon than petroleum diesel Clean Cities / 9

Biodiesel Use • B 20 is the most common blend in U. S. • Used in all unmodified diesel engines. • Has similar payload capacity, range, horsepower, and torque as diesel. • Used to fuel compression-ignition (diesel) engines. • Promises rural and urban microeconomic benefits. Clean Cities / 10 Biodiesel Truck

Electricity Properties • An electric vehicle (EV) stores electricity in an energy storage device. • Electric motor powers wheels. • Must be replenished by plugging into an electrical source or using an onboard charger. • Electricity can be generated by (or produced from) coal, natural gas, nuclear, wind, and other renewables. Clean Cities / 11

Electricity Considerations • No tailpipe emissions • Range of 50 -130 miles • Fueling costs reasonable compared with gasoline, especially off-peak rates • Electricity costs vary depending on location, type of generation, and time of use • Vehicles with DC electric systems = 0. 4 kilowatt-hours (k. Wh) per mile • Vehicles with AC systems = 0. 174 to 0. 288 k. Wh per mile • Energy storage capacity limited Clean Cities / 12

Electricity Use • Two types: EVs and HEVs, both use batteries. • Hybrids use an electric motor or a combination of a gasoline engine and electric motor. • Electricity sources for battery recharging include electrical outlet, gasoline engine onboard vehicle, regenerative braking. • Hybrids use batteries to store electricity produced by regenerative braking and the onboard generator. Clean Cities / 13 Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Ethanol Properties • Clear, colorless liquid • Alcohol-based fuel produced from starch crops or cellulosic biomass • Corn is primary feedstock • High-octane fuel • As an alternative fuel, most commonly used as E 85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) Clean Cities / 14

Ethanol Considerations • Biofuels could replace 30% or more of U. S. gasoline demand by 2030. • Corn-based ethanol production and use reduces GHG emissions by up to 52% compared with gasoline (cellulosic by 86%). • Refueling infrastructure not in place in all areas. • There is a high level of fuel pricing volatility. • Corn-based ethanol has 27%-36% less energy content than gasoline. • Ethanol industry creates jobs and helps the economy. Clean Cities / 15

Ethanol Considerations • Production of corn-based ethanol has grown sharply since the early 1980 s. • Corn-based ethanol is approaching “blend wall” of 15 billion gallons. • Less than 10% of the U. S. field corn crop is used in corn-based foods. • Despite the wider use of U. S. agricultural feedstocks for renewable fuels, USDA estimates only a modest increase in household food costs. • As a result of the RFS-2, annual wholesale U. S. food costs are estimated to increase by $7. Clean Cities / 16

Ethanol Considerations • • Ethanol has a positive energy balance. Corn yield is a critical part of the net energy balance estimation. Ethanol production facilities include both dry- and wet-milling operations. Energy ratio is 1. 57 for wet-milling, 1. 77 for dry-milling. • The weighted average energy ratio is 1. 67. Clean Cities / 17

Ethanol Use • Nearly half of U. S. gasoline contains ethanol as E 10. • E 85 is used in light-duty flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). • FFVs can use 100% unleaded gasoline or any ethanol blend. • FFVs have a 25% reduction in ozoneforming emissions compared with gasoline. • FFV power, acceleration, payload, and cruising speed are comparable whether running on ethanol or gasoline. • Consumer interest in converting existing gasoline vehicles to operate on ethanol. Clean Cities / 18 Flexible Fuel Vehicle

Ethanol Use Total U. S. Light-Duty E 85 FFVs 8 Million FFVs 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008* Source: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Clean Cities / 19

Hydrogen Properties • Hydrogen exists in water, hydrocarbons (such as methane), and organic matter. • The energy in 2. 2 lb of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy in 1 gallon of gasoline. • Steam reforming of methane (natural gas) accounts for about 95% of the hydrogen produced in the U. S. • ~9 million tons of hydrogen is produced in the U. S. each year. • Most is used for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods. Clean Cities / 20

Hydrogen Considerations • Pure hydrogen contains no carbon thus burns to form water with no CO 2 or CO emissions. • Fuel-cell vehicle’s have the potential to be 2 to 3 times more efficient than gasoline vehicles. • Fuel cells use a direct electrochemical reaction to produce electricity on board the vehicle. • A light-duty vehicle must store 11 -29 lbs. of hydrogen to drive about 300 miles. Clean Cities / 21

Hydrogen Use • Currently used in modified internal combustion engines. • Honda FCX is the only commerciallyavailable vehicle. • Several OEMs have pre-production light -duty vehicles in demonstration projects. • Hydrogen can be blended with natural gas to create a fuel for natural gas vehicles. Clean Cities / 22 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicle

Natural Gas Properties • Mixture of hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH 4) • High octane rating • Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic • Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater • Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) • Lower ozone-forming emissions then gasoline • From gas and oil wells Clean Cities / 23

Natural Gas Considerations • Natural gas (NG) is a domestically available, clean-burning fuel. • Additional safety modification for facilities is required by NEC and NFPA. • NG vehicles cost more because of tank configuration. • A CNG-powered vehicle gets about the same fuel economy as a gasoline vehicle. • To store more energy in a smaller volume, natural gas can be liquefied (LNG). • LNG occupies only 1/600 the volume of natural gas (vapor) form. Clean Cities / 24

Natural Gas Use • There are two types of natural gas vehicles: bifuel and dedicated. • There is widespread natural gas distribution and refueling infrastructure. • CNG refueling stations are either slowfill or fast-fill. • CNG can be used in light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles. • LNG fuel systems are used with heavy -duty vehicles and locomotives. Clean Cities / 25 CNG Vehicle

Propane Properties • By-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining • Known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) • High octane • 33%-41% less energy content per gallon than gasoline • 60% reduction in ozone-forming emissions compared with gasoline Clean Cities / 26

Propane Considerations • Nontoxic and no threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater • High energy density = good driving range • Stored onboard a vehicle in a tank pressurized to around 300 psi • Range vs. payload reduction issue caused by larger fuel tanks • A gallon of propane about 25% less energy than a gallon of gasoline • Liquid Propane Injection engines— higher fuel efficiency • Widespread infrastructure Clean Cities / 27

Propane Use • Propane is the most used alternative transportation fuel in the U. S. and the world. • Used in light- and medium-duty vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and buses. • Many propane vehicles are converted gasoline vehicles. • Popular choice for nonroad vehicles such as forklifts and agricultural and construction vehicles. Clean Cities / 28 Propane Bus

Alternative Fuel Prices Source: Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report, April 2009 Clean Cities / 29

Alternative Fuel Prices Source: Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report, April 2009 Clean Cities / 30

Consumption of Alternative Fuels Clean Cities / 31

Clean Cities Contact Information Clean Cities Web site www. eere. energy. gov/cleancities Alternative Fuels & Advanced Vehicles Data Center Web site www. afdc. energy. gov Clean Cities Coordinator Contact Information and Coalition Web sites http: //www. afdc. energy. gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators. php East Bay Clean Cities Coalition Web site http: //www. afdc. energy. gov/cleancities/progs/coordinators. php Clean Cities / 32