East Asia Today Chapter 28 Section 1 The

East Asia Today Chapter 28, Section 1: The Economy

Important Vocabulary ▪ Commune: large farming communities. ▪ Cooperative: farms jointly operated by households. ▪ Merchant Marine: fleets used for commercial transportation and exportation.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) ▪ Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): ensures trade among member states is fair and efficient. ▪ Trade Surplus: the value of a country’s exports exceeds the value of its imports. ▪ Trade Deficit: the value of a country’s imports exceeds the value of its exports.

Vocabulary (Cont’d) ▪ Dissident: citizens who speak out against gov’t policies. Ex: Tiananmen Square. ▪ Economic Sanctions: trade restrictions. Ex: China for human rights violations. ▪ World Trade Organization (WTO): an international body that oversees trade agreements and settles trade disputes.

Chinese Agriculture ▪ Over 40% of China’s workers are farmers. China produces: rice, wheat, tea, cotton, soybeans; silk. ▪ The Great Leap Forward (1958) organized farmers into communes. Work and produce are shared with gov’t oversight on production. ▪ Famine in the 1960 s led to policy changes. Smaller, private farms are now permitted, yielding more profit and production.

Mongolian Agriculture ▪ Mongolia’s land is mainly used for livestock grazing. ▪ Efforts to shift gov’townership of land to privatization has led to economic growth.

Korean Agriculture ▪ 7% of South Korea’s workforce are farmers, working on small farms. ▪ Urbanization has led to the mechanization of farming. ▪ 37% of North Korea’s workforce are farmers. Farms are organized into cooperatives. ▪ The Communist Gov’t controls crop production and rations. Corn, wheat, rice, and milk are in short supply.

Japan & Taiwan Agriculture ▪ Farmers are challenged by the physical geography. ▪ Japanese farmers use fertilizers, machinery, and irrigation to increase crop yields. ▪ Taiwan faces similar issues. They produce rice, sugarcane, tea, and bananas.

Japanese Industry ▪ Japan’s workforce is highly skilled and well-educated. ▪ Japan were leading producers of cars, computers, and other goods. Global economic power. ▪ Bank failures in the 1990 s led to an economic slump. ▪ Gov’t reforms led to an economic upswing in 2003 until the global financial crisis in 2008.

Korean Industry ▪ After the Korean War, South Korea shifted into an industrial economy with foreign investments. ▪ South Korea was hit hard with the 2008 global financial crisis. ▪ North Korea’s gov’t-owned industries produce machines and military equipment. ▪ North Korea relied heavily on the Soviet Union for economic aid. They now depend on China.

Taiwanese Industry ▪ Taiwan has a strong export-based economy. ▪ Industries specialize in textiles, plastics, and electronic goods. ▪ Most Taiwanese work in service industries.

Chinese Industry ▪ The Chinese Gov’t controls most major industries. ▪ Many factories lack updated technology and incentives. ▪ Chinese leaders have adopted some privatization and free markets to spur economic growth. ▪ The market economies in Hong Kong and Macau bring great wealth to China.

Transportation ▪ Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea have sophisticated highway and railway networks. ▪ Mongolia’s roads are mostly unpaved. ▪ China has made improvements with the China-Tibet Railway. ▪ China and Japan’s seaports are stations for merchant marine fleets.

Communications ▪ China and North Korea’s Communist Gov’ts control all forms of communication. ▪ In Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, they enjoy a free press.

Japanese Trade ▪ Since Japan has few mineral resources, it relies on trade. ▪ Japan has protectionist tariff (taxes on trade) policies. ▪ Japan has a trade surplus due to high tariffs and global demands. ▪ Japan’s trade policies complicates her relations with other countries.

Chinese Trade & Human Rights ▪ China has sought to increase trade with the U. S. to grow economy. ▪ U. S. worries over Chinese currency manipulation and trade surplus. ▪ Human rights violations in China and harsh treatment of dissidents remains a major concern. ▪ In 1989, the Chinese Gov’t brutally suppressed a student protest in Tiananmen Square (Beijing).

East Asia Today Chapter 28, Section 2: People and their Environment

Important Vocabulary ▪Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): gaseous substances found in liquid coolants. ▪Aquaculture: the cultivation of fish and other seafood.

Fossil Fuels ▪ Fossil fuels are primary energy source. ▪ China, Mongolia; North Korea use their coal reserves for power. ▪ Taiwan, Japan; South Korea must import their energy sources. ▪ Burning fossil fuels can lead to acid rain and air pollution. ▪ Gov’ts are working on using cleaner energy sources like solar power.

Nuclear Energy ▪ Japan, South Korea; Taiwan are using more nuclear energy: between 30 -40%. ▪ Small nuclear power production in China and none in North Korea. ▪ Accidents occurred in Japan and South Korea in the late-1990 s, which caused radiation poisoning. ▪ The Japanese are working on wind and solar power projects.

Human Impacts in China ▪ China has horrible air pollution from outdated technology and industries. ▪ Heavy usage of coal for power has led to acidic rain. ▪ China’s disposes billions of tons of waste products into its sewage, causing unclean drinking water. ▪ Commercial logging has caused soil erosion deforestation; flooding.

Human Impacts in Korea & Taiwan ▪ Urban areas are also plagued by air and water pollution. ▪ South Korea faces issues with disposing radioactive nuclear waste. ▪ North Korea also faces hazardous effects from nuclear weapons testing and burning fossil fuels.

Human Impacts in Japan ▪ Since the 1970 s, Japan’s gov’t has worked feverishly on improving the environment. ▪ Japanese auto manufacturers created no emission fuel cell engines in 2006. ▪ Japan has strict pollution laws; aimed at reducing CO 2. ▪ Japan adopted aquaculture to solve overfishing in the Sea of Japan.

Future Challenges ▪ East Asia continues to grapple with natural disasters (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes; typhoons) since it is located within the Ring of Fire. ▪ Japan experiences about 1, 500 earthquakes annually, and has 80 active volcanoes. ▪ China has constructed dams like the Three Gorges to reduce the effects of floods, improve irrigation, and produce hydroelectricity.