EarthSpace Segment 1 Review Part 1 Beginning with

Earth/Space: Segment 1 Review

Part 1: Beginning with Science

What are the different “spheres” of the Earth?

The spheres of the Earth are: 1. ) Exosphere - Everything located outside the Earth, in space; stars, galaxies, and the sun 2. ) Atmosphere - The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth 3. ) Cryosphere - All the ice on Earth 4. ) Biosphere - Every living thing on Earth 5. ) Hydrosphere - All the water in oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, and underground 6. ) Geosphere - The land surfaces and interior of Earth

Scientific Method: Purpose/Question: Research: What you’re trying to “find out”. Find out what other scientists have discovered. Hypothesis: Make a prediction as to what you think will happen (or what the “answer” is). Experiment: Design and carry out your experiment; use variables. (Dependent Variables, Independent Variables, Control) Analysis: Look over (review) the data from your experiment. Conclusion: Was your hypothesis correct?

Pseudo Science vs. Good Science Pseudo-science cannot be answered by the scientific method. The answers to these questions often involve opinion or beliefs. To be considered science, information must be testable and the results must be reproducible. The scientific method must be followed. Ask yourself this… Has it been tested and observed numerous times by more than one group of scientists? Is the study or data documented completely, and does it follow the scientific method? Does the information contain just the facts and avoid mixing in opinion and assumption? Is the information presented purely for public knowledge, avoiding being connected with a new product that is for sale? Does the information come from a third party that is not profiting from the results of the study? Is this information supported by any other studies that have been conducted by other companies or agencies?

What is a theory? What is a scientific law?

Hmm… I wonder… When the majority of the scientific community agrees, or reaches a consensus around a problem and solution we call this a theory. In science, the testing, revising, and occasional discarding of theories, new and old, never ends. An example of a theory would be the Big Bang theory.

A scientific law is a conclusion that is made based on repeated scientific experimentation over many years and has become universally accepted by the scientific community. An example of a law would be the law of gravity. Laws are descriptions of specific relationships that occur in nature they do not attempt to tell us why these relationships exist just that they do.

Models

More Models Small-scale Models Large-scale Models

/SI Metric system or SI (Standard International) system of measurement is accepted worldwide. We start with “base” units. Metric vs. US system of Measurement

1 meter = 0. 001 kilometers 0. 01 hectometers 0. 1 dekameters 10 decimeters 100 centimeters 1000 millimeters The same holds true for grams and liters

Review: Parts of an atom What are three sub atomic particles in an atom? 1. 2. 3. What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral) 1. 2. 3. Where are they located? 1. 2. 3.

Review: Parts of an atom What are three sub atomic particles in an atom? 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral) 1. 2. 3. Where are they located? 1. 2. 3.

Review: Parts of an atom What are three sub atomic particles in an atom? 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral) 1. Proton = Positive (+) 2. Neutron = Neutral (0) 3. Electron = Negative (-) Where are they located? 1. 2. 3.

Review: Parts of an atom What are three sub atomic particles in an atom? 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral) 1. Proton = Positive (+) 2. Neutron = Neutral (0) 3. Electron = Negative (-) Where are they located? 1. Proton = Inside the nucleus 2. Neutron = Inside the nucleus 3. Electron = Outside the nucleus

Heat is transferred to the environment in three basic ways: radiation conduction convection

Part 2: Climate & Meteorology

Law of Conservation of Matter • The law of conservation of matter means that matter is not lost during a change in the state of water. Therefore, mass is not lost during a change in the state of water.

Where Can Water be Found? • Water Cycle: the movement and storage of water between Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere

Structure of the Atmosphere • The effects of gravity, solar radiation, and the properties of the gases cause the atmosphere to be layered. These layers are ordered based on their temperature and density

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere

Exosphere

Atmospheric Pressure • Air pressure is the force exerted on you by the weight of tiny particles of air (air molecules). Why role does gravity play? How does altitude affect air pressure?

Tools for Measuring Air Pressure • Barometer - Liquid mercury inside a long glass tube moves up and down based on the force of the atmosphere on the liquid. What happens to the weather and temperature as the barometric pressure increases or decreases?

Types of Severe Weather • Thunderstorms �Hurricanes �Other (Flood and Droughts) • Tornadoes

Stages of a Thunderstorm • Developing Stage • Mature Stage • Dissipating Stage

Updraft (carrying Moisture) Developing Stage Warm, moist air

Developing Stage Cooler air Updraft Cumulus Cloud Warm, moist air

Developing Stage Cumulonimbus Cloud Cooler air Updraft Cumulus Cloud Warm, moist air

Mature Stage Cumulonimbus Cloud Updraft (continues to grow with droplets of water and ice) Warm, moist air

Mature Stage Cumulonimbus Cloud Lightning High Winds Hail Flash Floods Downdraft Updraft (continues to grow with droplets of water and ice)

Dissipating Stage Cumulonimbus Cloud Downdraft Updraft Cumulonimbus Cloud

Dissipating Stage Downdraft Updraft Cumulonimbus Cloud Once the downdraft has become more powerful than the updraft the storm dissipates

Characteristics of a Tornado • Rotating columns of air • Most (but not all) form a funnel shaped cloud • Tornadoes that form over water are called water spouts • Tornadoes form most often during the warmest part of a day which is in the afternoon • Tornadoes can happen any time of year but most often during the summer months

Formation of a Tornado • Cool, dry air meets warm, moist air. • This causes usually causes a severe thunderstorm • High winds in the upper atmosphere push against the thunderstorm cloud causing a rotation or funnel

Formation of Hurricanes

Tracking Hurricanes

Other Severe Weather Causes and Effects of: Droughts Floods Winter Weather

Have a Plan Make sure to complete this interactive in the lesson to learn about preparedness during severe weather.

Part 3: Freshwater

Effects of Groundwater 1. Karst Topography Springs 4. Geysers 2. Sink Holes 5. Stalactites 3. Hot 6. Stalagmites

Kitchen

Kitchen

Bathroom

Part 4: Our Universe

Features of a Wave

***Sounds needs a medium to travel though, light does not*** ***Light travels the fastest in a vacuum traveling at 300, 000 km/sec***

Frequency and Wavelength

Overview

How far away is it • Light year - the distance light travels in one year. Although the term may sound like a measure of time, it is a measure of distance. The best method to measure the distance to a star is to calculate the variations in the position of the star due to movement of Earth in its orbit.

Why Travel to Space? • Discoveries and inventions used for space helped create products we use in the home. Let’s take a look http: //www. nasa. gov/externalflash/nasacity/ind ex 2. htm

Telescopes Uses lenses to focus the light

Telescopes Uses mirrors to focus the light, which reduces distortion

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

intensity Blue Star 18000 K Yellow Star 6000 K Red Star 4000 K

Types of a. Galaxies Revolve around single point Type Shape Description Spiral Pinwheel Barred Spiral Pinwheel with a bar in the center Has an elongated center that looks like a bar Elliptical Circular or oval Most of the objects are concentrated in the center. From far away look like one big star Irregular Undefined shape Not Spiral or Elliptical ***All galaxies are held together by gravity (Newton’s Law of Universal Gravity*** Image

Hubble • Hubble is a real person and not just the name of a telescope? Doppler Effect Hubble law

Part 5: Rocks & Minerals

The Rock Cycle Intrusive or Extrusive deposition lithification

Mining Rocks and Minerals • • Extract Rocks and Minerals from the Earth Valuable – lots of uses in our daily lives Mining Techniques Consequences (pros and cons) – Ore – Reclamation – Economy – Environment – Society

Mining Operations/Techniques • Depends on the type of rock or mineral being mined – Most have heavy machinery moved into the area and dig for the resource – Panning – Extraction from Caves – Dynamite

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly What else? Pros - Environmental Practices put into place - Build terraces to prevent erosion - Planting - Jobs - Reclamation Cons Destruction of Environment - Trees - Farmland - Houses - Erosion - Water shortages

Good Luck • Visit www. flvsess. com for a study guide