Earths History Geologic Time Notes How Changes Occur

Earth’s History & Geologic Time Notes

How Changes Occur on the Earth Plate Tectonics: theory of how Earth’s tectonic _______ plates move and ____ change in _______ shape 2 -5 cm a plates move an average of _______ year and in ______ three different ways

How Changes Occur on the Earth convergent boundary: plates move ____ toward each other collide to form plates can _______ slide mountains or one plate can ___________ under another plate creating a line of volcanoes ______

How Changes Occur on the Earth divergent boundary: plates move ______ away from each other land ______ forms here; could be new _____ continental new _______ ocean floor or ______ crust

How Changes Occur on the Earth transform boundary: plates slide _____ past each other creating _____ earthquakes _______

How Changes Occur on the Earth Continental Drift: describes that as tectonic _______ plates move, ______ continents have _______ moved with them changing the Earth’s surface

Affects of Earth Changes plates and continents ______ As _______ move apart there are many together and ______, consequences ocean currents and can ____ change how ______ wind patterns flow on the Earth • these changes affect the _____ flow of _____ heat around the Earth which can cause _____ changes in ____ climate

Ex: when the panama land bridge formed it changed the flow of the oceans. Warm tropical waters flowed between continents Gulf stream created. Moves warm water across the Atlantic Ocean giving western Europe a mild climate.

Affects of Earth Changes formation of can cause the _____ habitats and new _____ environments can ____ destroy existing habitats and _______ environments

Ex: the panama land bridge also changed habitats and the distribution of organisms. Land animals not able to move between continents, however, sea animals were able to move between the oceans Allowed land animals to move between North & South America. Sea creatures were separated and some evolved into different species.

Affects of Earth Changes organisms are _____ affected by the ______ changes caused by plate tectonics adapt to the organisms will either _______ changes (evolve) or become _________ extinct death of every • extinction: the _______ member of a _____ species

Affects of Earth Changes some earth changes ____ can _______ result in the mass extinction ___________ of organisms death of mass extinction: the _______ many species around the ______ same time _____

Affects of Earth Changes gradual events, could be caused by _____ climate change and changes in like ____ catastrophic ocean currents, or _______ asteroid impact events, like an _____

Geologic Time Scale Developed Geologic _____ Time Scale ______ to break up Earth’s history smaller into ____ units ______

Geologic Time Scale divisions 4 major _____ Geologic time scale has ___ of time: Eons are the _____ largest ____ division, followed by eras then _____, periods and ____ epochs finally ____ smallest (the _____ division of the four)

Geologic Time Scale divisions of the time scale are determined by _______ major ______ changes in Earth’s history _____ changes in ______ living things, major ___________ extinction of living things and Earth’s _____ surface changes in the ____ decide how to divide Earth’s history

Precambrian Time: 4. 6 billion years ago – 542 million years ago prokaryotes First organisms called _______ (cells without a nucleus) appeared in oceans more than ____ 3. 6 billion years ____ ago

Precambrian Time Cyanobacteria: type of prokaryote that photosynthesis to make own uses ________ food. released ____ oxygen into Photosynthesis _____ the atmosphere and began to build up over millions of years.

Precambrian Time Oxygen build-up led to the formation of protected organisms ozone which _______ radiation of the sun from the harmful _____ Allowed for development of _____ complex organisms to survive on organisms & for ______ land

Precambrian Time After about 1 billion years ______ eukaryotes appear (cells with a nucleus) began to _______ Invertebrates (animals ____ without backbones) developed near the ____ end of the _______ Precambrian

Paleozoic Era: 542 – 251 million years ago parts hard body ______ First organisms with _____ (shells, exoskeletons & bones) evolved six periods Broken into ____

Paleozoic Era marine 1. Cambrian: ____ animals with hard body parts 2. Ordovician: early vertebrates appeared backbones ) with ______ (animals _____

Paleozoic Era plant life 3. Silurian: ______ on land evolved fish 4. Devonian: ____ evolved and were dominant early _____; amphibians ______ show up in the fossil record

Paleozoic Era 5. Carboniferous: divided into Mississippian & Pennsylvanian in U. S. _______ ● Mississippian: amphibians were ______ dominant the _____ vertebrate ● Pennsylvanian: reptiles early ____ emerge

Paleozoic Era 6. Permian: formation of the large land Pangaea mass called ____ caused ____ habitat loss of coastal _______ and climate change

Paleozoic Era Period ended with a mass extinction of 90 % of all organisms due to _____ changes ____ in the ________ environments caused by plate tectonics

Mesozoic Era: 251 - 65 million years ago Age of ______ Dinosaurs ” and Era known as “_____ broken into 3 periods transition 1. Triassic: time of ______ dinosaurs evolved • small ______

Mesozoic Era existed during much of the Triassic Pangaea ____ organisms left after allowed for ______ spread over Permian mass extinction to ____ distribution of land (allowed for ______ the _____ organisms)

Mesozoic Era dinosaurs were _____ dominant 2. Jurassic: ______ larger species of _______ dinosaurs evolved

Mesozoic Era breaks up throughout Pangaea _____ the period

Mesozoic Era Birds are thought to have ______ evolved from dinosaurs _____ Archaeopteryx: wings & _____ feathers like birds, but ______ teeth & ______ claws like dinosaurs

Mesozoic Era 3. Cretaceous: dinosaurs still dominant; birds & mammal modern insect, ______ groups appear sequoias , and fir ______ trees pine, _____ evolved

Mesozoic Era Flowering plants (angiosperms) are ______ dominant today still _____ volcanic activity increased _____

Mesozoic Era Dinosaurs became ____ extinct at ______ changing environments the end; _____

The real reason Dinosaurs went extinct… Dinosaur Extinction. wmv

Cenozoic Era: 65 million years ago to the present mammals were small, Early in Cenozoic ______ but _____ evolved into many different forms over the era, including _______ larger _______ mammals

Cenozoic Era Times of ______ mountain building: Sierra Nevada, _____ Cascade & Andes Mountain ranges form

Cenozoic Era cooler climates and ____ ice _____: Periods of _______ ages some ____ moved towards the species _______ others equator (warmer climates) and _______ extinct became ____ Era still ______ continues today ____