EARTHQUAKES Week 2 EARTHQUAKES What to explore this

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EARTHQUAKES Week 2

EARTHQUAKES Week 2

EARTHQUAKES What to explore this week: § § § Predictablity Linkages Disastrous consequences Impact

EARTHQUAKES What to explore this week: § § § Predictablity Linkages Disastrous consequences Impact of human activity Minimizing the impact

Earthquake Terminology

Earthquake Terminology

What causes earthquakes? § Elastic Rebound § Sources of stress § Plate Tectonics §

What causes earthquakes? § Elastic Rebound § Sources of stress § Plate Tectonics § Other stresses

Measurement § Magnitude § one per earthquake § related to energy released § Richter

Measurement § Magnitude § one per earthquake § related to energy released § Richter or Moment scale § Intensity § many for each earthquake § measure of effects § Mercalli scale

Damage: Causes § § Ground motion Duration of Shaking Surface Rupture Poor building design

Damage: Causes § § Ground motion Duration of Shaking Surface Rupture Poor building design

Effects § Rupture § Death § Bldg collapse

Effects § Rupture § Death § Bldg collapse

Effects § Fires § Liquifaction § Landslides

Effects § Fires § Liquifaction § Landslides

Damage: Key Factors § § § § Amount & duration of shaking Water content

Damage: Key Factors § § § § Amount & duration of shaking Water content of soil Population concentration Building construction Distance from Epicenter Depth of focus Direction of rupture Material amplification

Addressing the Hazard § Identify areas at risk § Forecast

Addressing the Hazard § Identify areas at risk § Forecast

Addressing the Hazard § Structural adaptations § Warning systems

Addressing the Hazard § Structural adaptations § Warning systems

EARTHQUAKES § In what ways are earthquakes predictable? § To what other hazards are

EARTHQUAKES § In what ways are earthquakes predictable? § To what other hazards are earthquakes linked? § What are the potentially disastrous consequences of earthquakes? § In what ways has human activity made earthquake hazards catastrophic? § How can the hazardous consequences of earthquakes be minimized?

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