EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE PART 2 Informing Community Stakeholders

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE PART 2: Informing Community Stakeholders About Global Earthquake Disaster Situations Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

The Process of Becoming an Informed Community Stakeholder is Like Learning How to Fly a Plane Using A Flight Simulator so: SIMULATE GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE SITUATIONS UNTIL THEY BECOME YOUR REALITY

RISK ASSESSMENT • HAZARD MAPS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK YOUR COMMUNITY TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PPREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

RESILIENCY POLICIES • PREPAREDNESS (BE READY FOR ANYTHING) • PROTECTION (BUILD TO WITHSTAND) • SCENARIOS (KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT)

RESILIENCY POLICIES • EMERGENCY RESPONSE (SAVE LIVES & PROTECT PROPERTY) • RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION (RESTORE & NORMALIZE SERVICES)

AN INFORMED COMMUNITY STAKE HOLDER MAKES GOOD DECISIONS BASED ON THE BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE ON GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE REALITIES

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE TOOLS FOR ENACTING AND IMPLEMENTING POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, and RECOVERY & RECONSTRUCTION

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE ON ALL ASPECTS OF GLOBAL EARTHQUAKE REALITIES

BO OK KN OF OW - P ers LE On pe DG Sc c t ien ive E s ce A nd EM , P oli cy HI , -ED

EARTHQUAKES: CAUSE AND EFFECT PHENOMENA • OCCURRENCE (PLATE TECTONICS, LOCATION, FAULTING, SEISMICITY, …)

OCCURRENCE Earthquakes occur as the result of global interactions between and within tectonic plates in the lithosphere that are slowly moving past each other as the result of stresses created by heat flow from deep inside the Earth.

THE TECTONIC PLATES Figure 2. 29

Schematic Diagram of the Faulting Mechanism WEST NORTH

Schematic Diagram of the Faulting Mechanism WEST NORTH

SITUATION: SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE

OCCURRENCE The Seismicity Record Contains Information on WHERE, HOW BIG, HOW DEEP, and HOW OFTEN

SEISMICITY: EUROPE

SEISMICITY: USA

SEISMICITY: MID-AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN BASIN

EARTHQUAKES: CAUSE AND EFFECT PHENOMENA • PHYSICAL EFFFECTS (TSUNAMIS, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE, …)

FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/LOSS EARTHQUAKE VIBRATION DAMAGE/LOSS TSUNAMI DAMAGE/ LOSS REGIONAL DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE DAMAGE/ LOSS AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDE DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

SITUATION: A TSUNAMI • TSUNAMIS OCCUR MOST FREQUENTLY IN THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION • OTHER LOCATIONS INCLUDE: INDIAN OCEAN, HAWAII, CARIBBEAN, PUERTO RICO, VIRGIN ISLANDS, GUAM, WESTERN USA, AND MEDITERRANEAN

SIZE (VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL WAVE RUNUP) OF A TSUNAMI • TSUNAMIS TRAVEL AT 800 KM/ HOUR, SLOWING TO 50 -500 KM/HR AS SHORE IS REACHED • WAVE HEIGHTS CAN REACH 30 M OR MORE • WAVES CAN TRAVEL 2 KM OR MORE INLAND

SITUATION: STRONG GROUND SHAKING Ground Shaking records Indicate The Strength, Duration, And Dominant Frequencies of Ground Shaking

PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP • SPATIAL VARIATION OF THE SEVERITY OF GROUND SHAKING EXPECTED DURING A SPECIFIC EXPOSURE TIME

SITUATION: GROUND FAILURE: LIQUEFACTION

SITUATION: GROUND FAILURE: LANDSLIDE

EARTHQUAKES: CAUSE AND EFFECT PHENOMENA • SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS (DAMAGE, LOSS OF FUNCTION, COLLAPSE, LOSS OF LIFE, LOSS OF HABITAT, LOSS OF JOBS, LOSS OF CONFIDENCE, LOSS OF ECONOMIC LOSSES, …)

SITUATION: URBAN DAMAGE

SITUATION: INTERIOR LOSS OF FUNCTION

SITUATION: FAILURE OF URM BUILDING

SITUATION: COLLAPSE OF HIGH -RISE APARTMENT UNIT

SITUATION: DAMAGE TO HOUSING UNITS

SITUATION: 56 MILLION DAMAGED BUILDINGS

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF HOSPITAL

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF SCHOOL

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION HANSHIN EXPRESSWAY

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION: ELEVATED EXPRESSWAY

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION OF AIRPORT

SITUATION: DISRUPTION OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

SITUATION: DAM FAILURE

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION TO UTILITY CORRIDOR

SITUATION: RADIOACTIVITY LEAK

SITUATION: DEATH TOLL REACHED 220, OOO+

SITUATIONl: 88, 000 DEAD

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

SITUATION: LOSS OF FUNCTION IN PORT AREA

SITUATION: RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

SITUATION: OIL REFINERY FIRE

SITUATION: LOSS OF POWER AND LOSS OF FIREFIGHTING CAPABILITY

SITUATION: LOSS OF FIRE FIGHTING CAPABILITY

SITUATION: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES

SITUATION: NEED FOR TEMPORARY SHELTER

SITUATION: LOSS OF BUSINESS

SITUATION: LOSS OF 40 PERCENT OF GDP

CAUSES OF RISK HIGH VELOCITY OF INCOMING WAVES DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP AND RUNOFF VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP TSUNAMIS CASE HISTORIES INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE WARNING SYSTEMS PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

SITUATION: $309 BILLION LOSS FROM TSUNAMI WAVES

SITUATION: NEED FOR FOOD AND WATER

SITUATION: LOSS OF REFINERY SERVICES