Earth Science Study guide answers Nature of Science

Earth Science Study guide answers • Nature of Science The graph below shows the average monthly temperatures at one location on Earth over a three year period. What was the highest recorded temperature?

Earth Science Study guide answers • Nature of Science The graph below shows the average monthly temperatures at one location on Earth over a three year period. What was the highest recorded temperature? 80 degrees

In an experiment, a student filled one funnel with clay and another with humus (dirt). She poured one cup of water into the humus funnel and one cup of maple syrup into the clay funnel. She positioned the beakers to collect any liquids that was not held by the clay or humus (dirt). What did she do wrong in setting up this experiment?

In an experiment, a student filled one funnel with clay and another with humus (dirt). She poured one cup of water into the humus funnel and one cup of maple syrup into the clay funnel. She positioned the beakers to collect any liquids that was not held by the clay or humus (dirt). What did she do wrong in setting up this experiment? The student should have used the same type of liquid to pour through the humus.

Explain why scientists must repeat and replicate experiments. To verify data and to validate the experiment What are the steps in the scientific method? Observe and question, Hypothesize and predict, test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusions, communicate results

Why do scientific ideas change? New knowledge leads to change. NOS vocabulary words to know What is the scientific method? Series of steps scientist follow to solve problems What is repetition? When you repeat your experiment over again What is replication? When you replicate someone else’s experiment to be sure the results are accurate

Atmosphere and Weather Explain the Sun’s role in the water cycle. The Sun is the energy source for the water cycle to produce weather. Explain the effects of ocean currents on climate. Warm currents – warmer climate Cold currents-- cooler climate How are deep ocean currents formed? Causes of currents are: deep/density = temperature and salinity differences

Coastal climates will be warmer when affected by warm ocean currents

What effect does Earth’s rotation have on global wind patterns? Rotation of the Earth on it’s axis causes global winds to curve (Coriolis effect)

What affects the salinity of the ocean? What factors influence ocean surface temperature?

What affects the salinity of the ocean? Temperature, rate of evaporation, amount of rainfall, fresh water discharge, underwater volcanoes, hydrothermal vents Warm water evaporates more quickly and leaves behind the salt making the ocean saltier in tropical regions. What factors influence ocean surface temperature? Latitude and time of year

Compare and contrast weather and climate. Weather. Climate-

Compare and contrast weather and climate. Basically the same except that Weather- short term change in the atmosphere. Climate- weather over a long period of time.

What components of the atmosphere protect life? How do they protect life?

What components of the atmosphere protect life? Ozone (carbon dioxide and water vapor) How do they protect life? Provides a UV layer/protection, greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, warming the Earth’s surface.

Create a diagram showing all of the parts of the water cycle. Transpiration, evaporation, condensation and precipitation

The transfer of the Sun’s energy is called radiation.

adv Know how to read a weather map and forecast future weather

adv Know how to read a weather map and forecast future weather *Cold fronts- bring violent storms that are followed by fair, cooler weather *Warm fronts- bring rain and showers followed by warmer, more humid weather Occluded fronts- usually produce light rain or other precipitation Stationary fronts- often bring many days of almost continuous precipitation

adv How do hurricanes affect shorelines? Hurricanes cause erosion and large amounts of sand deposition which change the shoreline

adv Explain how hurricanes are formed

adv Explain how hurricanes are formed • As warm, moist air rises, it cools, water vapor condenses, and clouds form. As more air rises, it creates an area of low pressure over the ocean. • As air continues to rise, a tropical depression forms. Tropical depressions bring thunderstorms with winds between 37 -62 km/h. • Air continues to rise, rotating counterclockwise. The storm builds to a tropical storm with winds in excess of 63 km/h. It produces strong thunderstorms. • When winds exceed 119 km/h, the storm becomes a hurricane. Only one percent of tropical storms become hurricanes.

adv The source of moisture for the hurricane most likely comes from evaporation of the ocean.

Earth’s Structure and Changes over time • Explain the difference between weathering and erosion and how they affect coastlines.

Earth’s Structure and Changes over time • Explain the difference between weathering and erosion and how they affect coastlines. Weathering Erosion by the action of waves

Rocks are broken down and moved to different locations by weathering and erosion.

A delta is formed at the mouth of a river by the process of sediment deposition

The Grand Canyon was most likely formed by weathering and erosion.

They form when underground caverns, which were created by chemical weathering, collapse

Three Classifications of rock

Be able to read the Rock Cycle

Deforestation’s affect of Earth’s surface is increased erosion.

How are sediments deposited?

Over time sediments become Sedimentary rocks Sediments are found in layers because during deposition larger particles settle to the bottom faster than smaller particles

Know layers of the Earth in correct order

Youngest layers are found closer to the surface

Fossil evidence of Earth’s organisms are used to divide geologic time

Fossils used to divide geologic time We study fossils to learn how living things have changed over time.

Where would you most likely find fossils? Sedimentary rocks

Plate Tectonics How are fossils used to support Crustal Uplift: marine organisms found at higher levels Theory of Continental drift: same fossil species found on continents that appear to be once connected

Theory of Continental drift: same fossil species found on continents that appear to be once connected Ø The continents of South America and Africa were once connected because the Mesosaurus fresh water fossil has been found on both continents. ØRocks and fossils are the same where the continents appear to have once fit together

Where do earthquakes and volcanoes most often occur? At tectonic plate boundaries

What ocean floor features are found at divergent boundaries? Be able to identify Mid ocean ridge from picture Divergent/volcanoes Trenches/ convergent

adv What ocean floor features are found at divergent boundaries? At the mid-ocean ridge the oceanic crust on both sides of the ridge shows matching patterns of reversed and normal polarity

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form?

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form? At convergent boundaries where subduction occurs volcanoes will form

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form?

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form? Hot Spots are locations where volcanoes form far from plate boundaries

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form? Volcanoes form when molten material reaches the surface

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form?

What are the processes which cause volcanoes to form? At divergent boundaries where sea floor spreading occurs

Name three types of boundaries and the movement of each

Name three types of boundaries and the movement of each v. Convergent boundaries where two plates collide, the denser plates sinks below the more buoyant plate in a process called subduction, move together v. Divergent- form where two plates separate, move apart v. Transform- form where two plates slide past each other

adv Explain how the interior of the Earth is mapped

adv Explain how the interior of the Earth is mapped q. Indirect methods, such as studying deep mines and wells, and analyzing earthquake waves

ASTRONOMY • How are large distances in space measured? • AU and Light years • AU the distance from the Earth to the Sun

One astronomical unit is equivalent to the distance between the earth and the sun

Compare the sizes of the objects in the universe. PLANET SOLAR SYSTEM GALAXY UNIVERSE

Compare the sizes of the objects in the universe. GALAXY: A group of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity

Stars with the hottest surface temperature are blue-white

Describe the historical models of the solar system

Describe the historical models of the solar system Geocentric: objects revolve around Earth Heliocentric: objects revolve around the Sun

How does the planet’s period of revolution relate with its year? • Bigger the revolution, the longer the year

Explain the law of Universal Gravitation • Every object attracts every other object because of their masses and distance from each other

Describe planetary movement through observation How features on the sun and planets appear to move as the planets rotate. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Sun is greatest when the Earth is closest to the Sun.

Describe planetary movement through observation What is happening?

Describe how the Sun, Moon and Earth affect the appearance of moon phases, eclipses and tides • Moon phases: know that there are 3 -4 days between each 8 phases, know waning and waxing.

Describe how the Sun, Moon and Earth affect the appearance of moon phases, eclipses and tides • Eclipses:

Describe how the Sun, Moon and Earth affect the appearance of moon phases, eclipses and tides • Eclipses: Lunar eclipse the Earth is blocking the Sun from shining on the Moon

Describe how the Sun, Moon and Earth affect the appearance of moon phases, eclipses and tides • Eclipses: Solar eclipse, happens on a new moon and the moon blocks the Sun

How does the moon affect events on Earth? • The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon causes tides.

Explain how technology is used to explore space • Space probes, rockets, and satellites are launched into space to collect data