Early Middle Ages ROMANESQUEEARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE MAIJARAY

Early Middle Ages ROMANESQUE/EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE MAIJARAY WALKER FINE ART SURVEY 4 TH PERIOD MS. VINCE

CODEX AUREUS • The codex aureus of St. Emmeram is a ninth-century illuminated gospel. The cover of the codex is decorated with gems and relief figures in gold, and can be precisely dated to 870 C. E. This is an important example of Carolingian art that comes from the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs. • The codex aureus was written on purple vellum by the monks Liuthard and Beringer for the Holy Roman • At the center of the cover of the Codex Aureus is Christ in Majesty seated on the globe of the world and holding on his knee a book with a Latin inscription which may be translated, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No man cometh to the Father, but by me. "

The cover of the Codex Aureus

Pisa Cathedral • The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt. • The tower's tilt began during construction, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed, and gradually increased until the structure was stabilized (and the tilt partially corrected) by efforts in the late 20 th and early 21 st centuries. • Cathedral was made in 1118 by Pope Gelasius II, expanded over the years.

Durham Cathedral • The cathedral church of Christ , blessed Mary the virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, usually known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert, is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. • Durham’s architectural value lies in the fact that it is the oldest surviving building with a stone vaulted ceiling of such a large scale. • Durham Cathedral is a Norman building constructed between 1093 and 1133 in the Romanesque style.

Mosaics of Basilica of Sant Apollinare in Classe • The 6 th-century Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe is located in Classe, the small harbor town of ravenna located about 4 miles south of the city center. like most ravenna churches, it is known for its exceptional byzantine mosaics. it also has elegant architecture and a fine collections. • The basilica have a very spacious nave with side aisles 58 wide windows, including five in the apse, flood the interior with light. The nave is supported on two dozen slender marble columns. • The beautiful capitals are known as the "butterfly" or "leaves blown by the wind" type.

Ceiling of cubiculum in the Catacomb of Saints Pietro and Marcellinus PAINTED CEILING OF A CATACOMB • The organization of the ceiling is similar to the designs of vaulted ceilings in many Roman houses and tombs. In the catacomb, the polygonal frame of the Ostian spoked-wheel design has become a large circle, akin to the Dome of Heaven, within which has been inscribed the symbol of the Christian faith, the cross. The arms of the cross terminate in 4 lunettes, which also find parallels in the Ostian composition. • • Catacomb of saints Pietro and Marcellinus Rome, Italy Early Christian 100 -500 A. D.

Good Shepherd from the Catacomb of Callixtus In the catacomb of Callixtus, dating from the middle of the third century, the Good Shepherd appears again with delicate modelling of form, face, and drapery. Shepherds were common enough as garden figures in pagan villas; they represented a romantic ideal of the bucolic way of life and the more solid merit of good husbandry and economy, but they could equally well be adapted to Christian symbolism. The Catacomb of Callixtus was built along the Appian Way, probably by Pope Callixtus in the early third century. As Christianity became prominent, catacomb remains were moved to churches and catacombs fell into disuse. • Rome, Italy • Painting

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus • The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a marble Early Chrisitian Sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who died in 359. It has been described as "probably the single most famous piece of early Christian relief sculpture. • Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, • 359 C. E. , • Marble • Video in notes

Scenes with Christ In all the three scenes where he appears Christ is a youthful, beardless figure with shortish hair (though longer than that of other figures), which is typical of Christian art at this period. The angel standing behind Abraham in the Sacrifice of Isaac is depicted similarly, and without wings. Christ appears in the centre of both rows; in the top row as a law-giver or teacher between his chief followers, Peter and on the bottom entering Jerusalem. Both scenes borrow from pagan Roman iconography: in the top one Jesus is sitting with his feet on a billowing cloak representing the sky, carried by Caelus, the classical personification of the heavens. Christ hands Peter a scroll, probably representing the Gospels, as emperors were often shown doing to theirs, ministers or generals.

Dura Europos Dura-Europos is extremely important for archaeological reasons. As it was abandoned after its conquest in 256– 7 AD, nothing was built over it and no later building programs obscured the architectonic features of the ancient city. Its location on the edge of empires made for a co-mingling of cultural traditions, much of which was preserved under the city's ruins. Some remarkable finds have been brought to light, including numerous temples, wall decorations, inscriptions, military equipment, tombs. • Location ear Salhiyah, Syria • Founded. 300 BC • Excavation dates 922— 1937; 1986 —. . . • Cultures ellenistic, Parthian, Roman

Mosaics in San Vitale

The church has an octagonal plan. The building combines Roman elements: the dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers; with Byzantine elements: polygonal apse, capitals, and narrow bricks. The church is most famous for its wealth of Byzantine mosaics The church is of extreme importance in Byzantine art, as it is the only major church from the period of the Emperor Justinian I to survive virtually intact to the present day. Roman catholic Byzantine Ravenna , Italy 330 C. E.

Hagia Sophia • The Hagia Sophia is a domed monument built as a cathedral and is now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. • whose name means “holy wisdom, ” • They built the Hagia Sophia in great haste, finishing it in less than six years. • 532 -37 B. C. E. • Metropolitan Museum of Art • Constantinople, now Istanbul