Early inhabitants of the Americas American Indians Empires

• Early inhabitants of the Americas • American Indians, Empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, & the Mississippi Valley • American Indian cultures of North America at the time of European contact About 35, 000 years ago, the first discoverers of America were small bands of hunters who crossed a temporary land bridge from Siberia They developed a great variety of societies based on corn agriculture and hunting The IMPETUS (push, force, forward motion) for European exploration came from a desire for NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST & technological discoveries of the RENAISSANCE ERA. BIOLOGICAL CHANGE (COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE), population loss, conquest, African slavery, cultural change and economic expansion were just some of the consequences (results) of the inter-mingling of the two ECOSYSTEMS (environments).

MOCTEZUMA II – Aztec ruler who was defeated by Cortes invasion of Mexico. He was devoted to HUITZILPOCHTLI, but also came under the influence of astrologers…. . their pessimistic (negative, gloomy) predictions about his fate (future, destiny) weakened his will to resist the Spanish invaders. What role did disease and forced labor (including slaves) play in the early settlement of the Americas? …. Is the view of the Spanish and Portuguese as HARSH CONQUERORS AND EXPLOITERS VALID – or is this image just another version of the English “BLACK LEGEND” concerning the Spanish role in the Americas?

1 st Paragraph Introduction of Topic Underline your THESIS STATEMENT (last sentence of the 1 st paragraph) 2 ND Paragraph Support of 1 st item in your Thesis Statement 3 rd Paragraph Support of 2 nd item in your Thesis Statement 4 th Paragraph Support of 3 rd item in your Thesis Statement 5 th Paragraph Conclusion Summarize your ideas Last paragraph – re-state your THESIS STATEMENT and how, why you proved/supported it.

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE • Ancient Cultures arrived about via a land bridge called the______ • Earliest settlers were hunters & gatherers • Agriculture thrived starting about 5, 000 years ago • Some Natives remained Nomadic • Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished

What group of Indians offered human sacrifices to the Gods? The AZTECS – cutting out the hearts of living victims – often prisoners caught in Battle.

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA • So, Columbus, an Italian navigator crosses the Atlantic; in October of 1492 and lands in Salvador (“Holy Savior”) • He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas • Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System • Disease devastated Native population

What was introduced in 1450, that spread SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE during the Renaissance? The Printing Press, the Gutenberg Printing Press

The Columbian Exchange was a series of interchanges that permanently changed the world’s ecosystems and changed nearly every culture around the world. Native Americans taught Europeans local farming methods & introduced new crops & foods like corn, tobacco, and the potato. Europeans introduced the Native Americans to crops such as wheat, oats and barley and to DOMESTIC livestock. In addition, Europeans brought diseases that killed millions of Native Americans because they lacked IMMUNITY to the diseases. Old World to New World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold New World to Old World: Syphilis

The Columbian Exchange Animals: Old World to New World: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens New World to Old World: Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

The Columbian Exchange Old World to New World: Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass New World to Old World: Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION • The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400 s for God, Gold, and Glory • Improved mapmaking, ______, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry – all led to better exploration Astrolabe – uses the position of the sun to determine direction, latitude, and local time. Cartography = map making

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS ü On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800 s, 10 million Africans taken ü On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history started ü On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE • Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas • Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico • Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru • Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System

Who was MALINCHE? MALINCHE Female Indian slave rescued by Cortes in 1519. She knew the MAYAN language and NAHUATL Language (AZTEC Language) Language

What GOD did Montezuma believe Cortes to be?

Who was the Conqueror of Mexico?

"La Malinche. " Slave, interpreter, secretary, mistress, mother of the first "Mexican. " her very name still stirs up controversy. Many Mexicans continue to revile the woman called Doña Marina by the Spaniards and La Malinche by the Aztecs, labeling her a traitor and harlot for her role as the alterego of Cortes as he conquered Mexico. They ignore that she saved thousands of Indian lives by enabling Cortes to negotiate rather than slaughter. Her ability to communicate also enabled the Spaniards to introduce Christianity and attempt to end human sacrifice and cannibalism. Herself a convert, baptized Marina, she was an eloquent advocate for her new faith.

Who was the Franciscan Missionary who settled California?

29. ___ The geography of the North American continent was fundamentally shaped by the glaciers of the Great Ice Age. 30. ___ North America was first settled by people who came by boat across the waters of the Berring Straight from Japan to Alaska. 31. ___ The early Indian civilizations of Mexico & Peru were built on the economic foundations of cattle and wheat growing. 32. ___ The greatest effect of the European intrusion on the Indians of the Americas was to increase their population through intermarriage with the whites. 33. ___ A primary motive for the European voyages of discovery was the desire to find a less expensive & shorter route to Asian goods & markets. 34. ___ The Spanish conquistadores had little to do with the native peoples of Mexico and refused to intermarry with them. 35. ___ The province of New Mexico was first settled by French colonizers. 36. ___ The belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good is called the Black Legend. 37. ___ The primary early colonial competitor with Spain in the New World was England.

___38. Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake ___39. Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes ___40. Franciscan missionary who settled California ___41. Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States territory ___42. Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire ___43. Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors ___44. Exposure of a “land bridge” between Asia & North American ___45. Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore the North American coast in 1498 ___46. Spanish conquerors of great Indian

What was the name of the AZTEC capital?