Early Earth and the Origins of Life Why
- Slides: 24
Early Earth and the Origins of Life Why do we care?
Early Earth and the Origins of Life August 25, 2009 Lecture overview: -formation of the solar system and Earth -conditions on early Earth -theories concerning the origin of life on Earth -geologic evidence for earliest life on Earth
The Geologic Timescale LIFE Life!? !
Planetary disk with thanks to L. T. Elkins-Tanton, JPL NASA/JPL
Ca-Al inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites 4567. 2± 0. 6 million years old
Linked solidification and cooling processes Elkins-Tanton magma oceans at first…
The Archean Earth System • Archean: 4. 03 to 2. 5 Ga • Late Heavy Bombardment (4. 1 to 3. 8 Ga) • Atmosphere: hardly any molecular oxygen (O 2); appears at ~2 Ga • UV radiation (no ozone shield) • Sun less luminous (20 -30%) • Length of day ~15 hours (~584 days per year) • CO 2 and CH 4 -rich atmosphere • Likely warm surface conditions (80 o to 45 o. C) • High rate of heat transfer from core to surface, possible thin crust, plate tectonics just being established • Magnetic field by 3. 2 Ga w/ thanks to Stanley M. Awramik, Awramik UCSB
Steps towards Life 1. 2. 3. 4. synthesize biomolecules (organic C, amino acids) organize them into macromolecular systems emergence of self-replicating codes of molecules (RNA) emergence of molecular evolution via natural selection after Hazen, 2006
The Miller/Urey Experiment Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1953) -ran experiment for one week -observed 10% of C in organic form -2% of C in amino acid form but: -too high-energy environment (lightning not continuous) -early Earth contained appreciable CO 2 (in addition to CH 4) on the other hand… -meteorites contain appreciable amino acids
A modern-day Miller/Urey experiment Jeff Bada, Scripps Inst. of Oceanography -redid the Miller/Urey experiment -found 22 amino acids (more than M/U!) -also analyzed the original M/U vials using modern-day analytical techniques Johnson et al. , Science, 2008
“Hot volcanoe” and “cold soup” models regarding the origin of Life on Earth -organic molecules and amino acids can be organized by mineral lattices as templates Hazen, 2006 What about combining the two? hydrothermal vents
A schematic of evolution of life on Earth Modified from Awramik and Mc. Namara, in press
Stromatolites: biofilms of cyanobacteria capture and bind sediment Pre-Cambrian? Today, at Shark’s Bay, Australia
An Opinion • “…true consensus for life’s existence seems to be reached only with the bacterial fossils of the 1. 9 -billion-year-old Gunflint Formation…” Moorbath, S. , 2005. Nature, 434, p. 155): . Tyler & Barghoorn, Science, 1954
Candidates for Early Archean Fossils
3. 85 Ga rock apatite (Ca-PO 4) grain in rock Nature, 1996 “carbonaceous” remnant material after apatite dissolved with acid And the controversy continues….
A primer for Schopf et al. , 2002 ion microprobe -instrument that focuses a beam of charged ions onto the surface of a sample -charged ions generate ions for mass spectrometric analysis (separation by mass)
Raman spectroscopy -instrument detects extremely small changes in energy of light/laser/IR radiation -in Schopf 2002, a laser is used to excite the sample molecules into a higher energy state; they report “Raman shifts” that denote changes in laser wavelength -shifts denote presence of specific chemical bonds and their relative orientations
kerogen -concentrated, high-molecular-weight organic compounds occuring in sedimentary rocks -precursor to fossil fuels (formed upon heating of kerogen) an oil shale carbonate (X-CO 3) -most commonly Ca. CO 3, the mineral in limestone -many marine organisms form carbonate shells (corals, foraminifera) limestone cliffs
C isotopes -C has two stable isotopes (12 protons, different # neutrons): 12 C (99%) and 13 C (1%) -for the most part, they behave identically -however, there is a slight difference in their “reactivity” -photosynthesis causes a very large shift in the relative abundance of 13 C and 12 C such that 12 C is preferentially incorporated into biological materials cross-section of a leaf
trichome -any small outgrowth or appendage on certain plants and algae trichomes on a cannabis plant chert -finely-grained, silica-rich, microcrystalline rock -is a product of high-T chemical alteration of rocks
greenschist -metamorphic rocks resulting from low-T, moderate pressure environments -typically somewhat green in color
- Pictures
- Origins
- Early cpr and early defibrillation can: *
- Dont ask why why why
- Section 17-2 earth's early history
- 17-2 earth's early history
- Section 17-2 earth's early history
- Eon split
- Isaac newton early childhood
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- Where did christianity originate
- Beowulf discussion questions
- How do the origins of folk and popular culture differ
- Folk culture origins
- Lesson 1 purposes and origins of government
- The origins of hospitality and tourism
- The origins of hospitality and tourism
- Ancient rome and the origins of christianity
- The origins of hospitality and tourism
- Locusts in things fall apart
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- Bổ thể
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