Early Civilizations Mayas Aztecs Tenochtitlan Quetzalcoatl Incas North

Early Civilizations • Mayas • Aztecs – Tenochtitlan – Quetzalcoatl • Incas

North American cultures • • Climate determines Matrilineal Shaman Communal ownership

Cultural Exchange • From New World – Buffalo, iguanas, rattle snakes – Tobacco, corn, beans, tomatoes, potatoes – syphilis • From Old World – Cattle, pigs, goats, horse – Weeds – Small pox, malaria, yellow fever

European Developments • Political changes – – – Portugal Spain England France Holland

European Developments (cont’d) • Shipbuilding and Navigation – – Caravel Compass Astrolabe Portolano

European Developments (cont’d) • Religious motive – Catholics vs. Protestants – Reformation • Wealth – Northwest Passage

Shift from Medieval to Early Modern Europe • Crusades • Renaissance • Reformation – – – Hus, Wycliffe Luther Gutenberg Calvin Henry VIII

Exploration • Vikings – Eric the Red – Leif Ericson – Vinland

Exploration • Portugal – Prince Henry – Dias – Vasco da Gama

Exploration • • Columbus Cabral Vespucci Line of Demarcation – Alexander VI • Treaty of Tordesillas 1481 Bull Aeterni regis "all lands south of the Canary Islands belongs to Portugal. " 1493 Bull Inter caetera "all lands east of 38° west longitude belongs to Portugal and those west of that belong to Spain. " 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas "The pope's line of 1493 is moved to 46° 37'. ”

Exploration-Spanish • Balboa • Magellan • Cortes

Pizarro

Coronado

De Soto

Ponce de Leon

Other explorers • English – – John Cabot Sebastian Cabot Drake Frobisher • French – Verrazano – Cartier – Champlain • Dutch – Hudson

European Voyages of Discovery in the Atlantic in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

Spanish, English, and French Settlements in North America in the Sixteenth Century

Spain’s Colonization • • • Conquistadors Ruled from home Short time Encomiendas Riches (next slide)

Value of New World Treasure Imported into Spain, 1506– 1655

Early Colonization • Hispaniola • Carolinas to Florida • St. Augustine 1565

European Colonization • French – Huguenots – Missionaries – Fur trade • Dutch – West India Company – Ft. Orange – New Netherlands

English Colonization • Roanoke Island – Virginia Dare – CROATOAN • Joint Stock – London Company – Plymouth Company • Covenant • Proprietary • Royal

Jamestown • • • John Smith Powhatan John Rolfe House of Burgesses Indentured Servants

The London Company, 1606

Jamestown Settlement, 1609

Chesapeake Bay

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Chapel, 1611

Jamestown Fort, 1609

Jamestown Settlement (Computer Generated)

Captain John Smith

English Migration: 1610 -1660 Headright System

Jamestown Colonization Pattern: 1620 -1660

John Rolfe

Tobacco Plant

Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20, 000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60, 000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500, 000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1, 500, 000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618 -1710

Indentured Servitude

Chief Powhatan

Pocahontas

Powhatan Confederacy

Powhatan Indian Village

Indian Foods

Native American Population in North America

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

Virginia House of Burgesses

17 c Population in the Chesapeake

Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610 -1750

Virginia Colony • William Berkeley • Bacon’s Rebellion

Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line”

Colonization of Maryland

Maryland • George Calvert – 1 st Lord Baltimore • Cecilius Calvert – 2 nd Lord Baltimore • Act of Toleration

Plymouth The Mayflower Compact November 11, 1620 The Mayflower

• Miles Standish • William Bradford • 1625 -1691

Pilgrims? vs. Puritans?

Massachusetts Bay Colony • Puritans • Harvard • John Winthrop We shall be as a city on a hill. .

• Great Migration –John Cotton –Thomas Hooker Sources of Puritan Migration

Rhode Island • Roger Williams – Separation of church and state • Anne Hutchinson

Connecticut • Hooker • Fundamental Orders • New Haven

Others from Massachusetts • New Hampshire • Maine

Colonizing New England

Land Division in Sudbury, MA: 1639 -1656

NE Governments and Trade • • More democratic Bicameral Town meetings Triangular trade Small farms Fishing shipping

Puritans fall • • • Charles I Oliver Cromwell Charles II Half-way Covenant Secular Salem

Attempts at Unification The Pequot Wars: 1636 -1637

A Pequot Village Destroyed, 1637

• New England Confederation • Religious minorities

Restoration to Glorious Revolution • New Haven • Maine • Edmund Andros

King Philip’s War • Wampanoags • Narragansett Campaign • Philip betrayed

Dominion of New England • • • New Hampshire Andros Increase Mather Cotton Mather Glorious Revolution William and Mary

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons: New England v. the Chesapeake

New England Colonies, 1650

New Netherlands • Dutch West India Company • Peter Minuit • New Sweden • New Amsterdam • Peter Stuyvesant • Patroonships In 1625 he went to the Netherlands. Appointed a director of the Dutch West India Co. , he set out for the company's settlement in America. He reached Manhattan Island in 1626 and purchased it from the Indians with trinkets valued at the amount of 60 guilders, or about $24. Because of differences with the company, he was recalled in 1631. In 1637 he set out to form a Swedish colony in America and in 1638 built Fort Christina (now Wilmington, Del. ).

New York Manors & Land Grants Patroonships

Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies

New Netherlands & New Sweden

New York Harbor, 1639

New York • • Charles II James Anglo-Dutch Wars Leisler’s Rebellion

New Jersey • John Lord Berkeley • George Carteret • East and West Jersey

Royal Land Grant to Penn The “Holy Pennsylvania Experiment” • William Penn • Quakers – Equality, simplicity, peace

Penn & Native Americans

Penn’s Treaty with the Native Americans

Delaware

Carolinas • 8 proprietors • Fundamental constitutions • Culpepper rebellion • North and South Berkeley

Georgia • James Oglethorpe • Buffer • Debtors

Urban Population Growth 1650 - 1775

Ethnic Groups

Struggle for Empire • • Mercantilism Objectives Enclosure Movement Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations

Early Attempts at Mercantilism • • Navigation Acts Act of Fraud Enumerated goods Wool Act Hat Act Molasses Act Iron Acts Salutary Neglect

Enforcement of Navigation Laws • • • Privy Council Lords of Trade Sec. of State Board of Trade Treasury Board Vice-Admiralty Courts

English Government beliefs • • • Divine Right Virtual Representation Limited Suffrage Unwritten Constitution Anglican Church Basic English Rights Magna Carta

Colonial Government • • Royal Governor Council Assembly Power of the Purse Actual representation Frontier vs. Coast Division between colonies

Colonial Changes-Religion • Tax supported • England’s Act of Toleration • MA, NH, CN had established churches still at Revolution NH MA CN

Anglo-French Relations • • • Fishing Fur trade Acadia Mississippi Hudson Bay

Anglo-French Wars • King William’s War • Queen Anne’s War – War of Jenkin’s Ear • King George’s War • Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

French and Indian War • Fort Duquesne – Washington – Fort Necessity • • Albany Congress William Pitt Quebec Treaty of Paris