Early Cities Urban Hearth Areas First Urban Revolution

Early Cities • Urban Hearth Areas – – • First Urban Revolution – – • Follows the same pattern as agricultural hearth areas Areas: Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley, Egypt, & Meso. America Leadership class developed Population of cities was 10, 000 -15, 000 Ancient Cities were centers of religion, power & economics

Urban Hearths

Classical Cities: The Diffusion of Urbanization • Athens – population 250, 000 • • A global city, rather than regional Urbanization diffused from Greece Had acropolis & agora Rome • Combine acropolis & agora = forum • Urban Morphology- form & structure of cities, incl. street patterns, size and shape

Medieval Cities • • Europe – Decreased in size and importance Non. European – thriving

• Colonial Cities Pre-Colonial – • Cities tend to be inland Cities on coast Gateway Cities – “serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation” (Knox 400)

Industrialization • • • Second Urban Revolution prompted by second revolution in agriculture Increased urbanization Location choice based solely on power source

Industrialization- Shock Cities Chicago Manchester, England 1850 30, 000 1750 15, 000 1880 500, 000 1801 70, 000 1900 1, 700, 000 1861 500, 000 1930 3, 300, 000 1911 2, 300, 000

Shock City Rapid economic and socio-cultural changes, population growth

U. S. Urban Growth Stages

Borchert’s Epoch of Urbanization • • 1 st Sail and Wagon 2 nd Steamboat and short haul railroad 3 rd 1870 – 1920 Long haul railroad 4 th 1920+ automobile, air, and amenities (places with value based on beauty not resources)

• • Bid-Rent Theory Multiplier Effect

Gravity Model • • Predicts the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it Threshold – number of people needed Range – distance willing to travel Hinterland (market area) – area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

Central Place Theory • • by Walter Christaller in the 1930’s Assumed – region would be flat with no physical barriers – Soil fertility would be equal – Power and purchasing power would be even • Utilizes hexagons, rather than circles • Studies confirm the distribution of cities, towns, & villages are tied to trade areas, population size and distance

Central Place Theory C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet

Models of Internal Structure of Cities Burgess Hoyt Harris & Ullman

The Peripheral Model • • Created by Chauncey Harris Urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road Around beltway are nodes of consumer & businesses – edge cities Edge Cities started out as suburb residences that gained shopping malls then manufacturing & business parks

Peripheral Model (contemporary) Edge cities (CBDs on Metro fringe)

De Blij Griffin-Ford Mc. Gee

Colonial City Fort European Town Native town

Western European City

Eastern European City Budapest, Hungary

• • Megalopolis / Conurbation Urbanization, counterurbanization Reurbanization, gentrification Basic and nonbasic (service) sector of the economy

• • • Rank-size Rule Primate City World Cities Megacities Overurbanization Squatter settlements

• You can even bring in the DTM as a way to look at the historical development of urbanization and its effects on nations or the different population distributions in different neighborhoods within a city. – Sarah Bednarz